table-data.js

// Table 2 from "From Human Factors to Human-Technology Factors" (ISSW 2026).
// Transcribed from the published PDF (pages 5-6), with citation links added
// where the reference list (pages 7-8) provides a URL or DOI.
const TABLE_ROWS = [
  {
    summary: "Map overlays can mitigate familiarity by directing attention to hazards that are otherwise overlooked.",
    facet: "Familiarity",
    technology: "Mapping and Navigation",
    acts: ["Attention"],
    gbu: "Good",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: In a route-planning exercise, an avalanche educator mapped a familiar tour commonly regarded as safe. Adding digital slope-angle shading revealed that the standard route passed beneath and potentially through several avalanche paths (Diamond 2023).",
        link: "https://www.voile.com/blog/planning-a-safe-backcountry-ski-tour/" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Digital routes of previous trips can exacerbate familiarity by suggesting a route is safe.",
    facet: "Familiarity",
    technology: "Routes and GPX tracks",
    acts: ["Attention", "Trust"],
    gbu: "Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Skiers relied on a pre-existing GPX track in Norway that was possibly created for summer travel, assumed it encoded a sub-30° winter route, and triggered an avalanche (neuvilla 2025).",
        link: "https://www.reddit.com/r/Backcountry/comments/1jmm2ck/caught_in_a_small_avalanche_in_norway/" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Social media can either mitigate or exacerbate acceptance by exerting “invisible pressure” through a virtual audience. Good pressure can manifest as accountability, bad pressure can manifest as a need to deliver more content, even under unsafe circumstances.",
    facet: "Acceptance",
    technology: "Social Media",
    acts: ["Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: Isaak posits “invisible pressure” as a factor that exacerbates acceptance (Isaak 2016).",
        link: "https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=2270" },
      { text: "Studies of adolescents have found a positive correlation between social media use and risk taking (Cornell and Peden 2025).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.2196/73089" },
      { text: "...while other work has failed to find such a correlation (Frühauf et al. 2025).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-024-01010-z" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Digital mapping tools can mitigate commitment by lowering the effort required to generate and compare alternative routes.",
    facet: "Commitment",
    technology: "Mapping and Navigation",
    acts: ["Cognition"],
    gbu: "Good",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: Kosberg studied decision making with augmented map layers (Kosberg et al. 2024).",
        link: "https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=3367" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Pre-planning routes can either mitigate or exacerbate commitment. They can mitigate by allowing users to reason about and identify hazards ahead of time, before they need to make decisions in realtime in the field. They can exacerbate commitment when the route becomes a target to complete, potentially in the face of contradictory evidence.",
    facet: "Commitment",
    technology: "Routes and GPX tracks",
    acts: ["Attention", "Trust"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: “Death by GPS” occurs in navigation in cars (A. Y. Lin et al. 2017).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025737" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Performance tracking apps can exacerbate commitment by making speed or records the dominant objective, at the cost of reduced safety margins—e.g., carrying less emergency equipment.",
    facet: "Commitment",
    technology: "Activity and performance tracking platforms",
    acts: ["Attention"],
    gbu: "Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Winter FKT attempt with minimal gear; the athlete acknowledges this “decreases the margin of error” (Maune 2011).",
        link: "https://fastestknowntime.com/fkt/brett-maune-san-jacinto-peak-ca-2011-12-25" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Crowdsourced observations can either mitigate expert halo by adding outside perspectives, or introduce new expert halos when they are incorrectly seen to be authoritative (coming from popular/famous sources).",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "Crowdsourced Observation",
    acts: ["Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: Crowdsourced observations are useful, including for forecasters (Tremper and Diegel 2014).",
        link: "https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=2032" },
      { text: "Paper: On the other hand, people use heuristics to judge source credibility in online media that are independent of content (X. Lin et al. 2016).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.002" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Digital map layers can provide objective information or create a digital expert halo by presenting data with an appearance of precision and authority, even if the underlying data sources have limited resolution, are noisy, or are derived from simulation with limited accuracy.",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "Mapping and Navigation",
    acts: ["Trust"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: In the 2019 Silverton Avalanche School accident, the group used slope-angle shading to identify what appeared to be a sub-30° descent; the actual slope measured 32–34° (O’Neil 2022).",
        link: "https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/snow-sports/silverton-avalanche-school-pete-marshall-death-snow-safety/" },
      { text: "Example: In the 2025 Radio Tower Peak accident, the group consulted mapping apps and selected what appeared to be a low-angle traverse beneath steeper terrain. Investigators noted that commonly used 10-meter digital elevation models can entirely omit a cliff smaller than one grid cell (Bridger-Teton Avalanche Center 2025).",
        link: "https://bridgertetonavalanchecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Radio-Tower-Peak-Avalanche-Accident-2.pdf" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Weather forecasts and telemetry can provide objective information or introduce a digital expert halo, suggesting certainty that isn’t warranted when actual weather locally diverges from forecast points or when instruments aren’t calibrated or working.",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "Weather telemetry and forecasts",
    acts: ["Trust"],
    gbu: "Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Actual weather events can exceed forecasts (Avalanche Canada 2020).",
        link: "https://incidents.avalanche.ca/incident/486" },
      { text: "Example: Telemetry sensors may not be in the right locations to provide relevant info (Missoula Avalanche Center 2024).",
        link: "https://missoulaavalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/Lost-Trail-Pass-March-12-2024-Avalanche-Accident-Report.pdf" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Social media can either mitigate or exacerbate expert halo in ways similar to crowdsourced observations, but with even noisier data and worse source credibility problems. Accounts with high algorithmic reach might be seen as authoritative, even if they are not experts.",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "Social Media",
    acts: ["Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: People use heuristics to judge source credibility in online media that are independent of content (X. Lin et al. 2016).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.002" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Apps that reduce nuanced conditions to red-light/green-light recommendations can create an algorithmic expert halo that discourages critical thinking.",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "AI Apps",
    acts: ["Attention", "Cognition"],
    gbu: "Ugly",
    sources: [
      { text: "Novices tend to rely more heavily on the danger rating to make trip planning decisions (Morgan et al. 2023).",
        link: "https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1719-2023" },
      { text: "Green danger ratings can be conflated with a “green light” (Conger 2004).",
        link: "https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=1122" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "AI applications like chatbots can introduce a digital expert halo when they produce recommendations that look authoritative but are not tailored to present-time conditions.",
    facet: "Expert Halo",
    technology: "AI Apps",
    acts: ["Trust"],
    gbu: "Ugly",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Lions Bay SAR warns against using ChatGPT after a rescue (Ghuman 2025).",
        link: "https://www.squamishreporter.com/2025/04/23/lions-bay-sar-warns-against-using-chatgpt-after-rescue/" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Powder alerts in weather apps can exacerbate tracks/scarcity by creating urgency.",
    facet: "Tracks/Scarcity",
    technology: "Weather telemetry and forecasts",
    acts: ["Cognition"],
    gbu: "Ugly",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Apps deliver “powder alerts” (OpenSnow 2024).",
        link: "https://opensnow.com/news/post/create-custom-snow-alerts" },
      { text: "...and “powder quality forecasts” (OpenSnow 2025).",
        link: "https://support.opensnow.com/feature-guides/powder-quality" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Social media can exacerbate tracks/scarcity: seeing powder skiing content from a specific zone creates urgency and potentially leads to crowding, which in turn can also lead some to push past safer, heavier-travelled terrain.",
    facet: "Tracks/Scarcity",
    technology: "Social Media",
    acts: ["Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Ugly",
    sources: [
      { text: "Example: Vermont rescue team sees an increase in calls as social media lures skiers into danger (Swinhart 2025).",
        link: "https://apnews.com/article/skiing-stowe-social-media-rescue-backcountry-39fa381ae3ba9194f9a9a823dcfb02f9" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Crowdsourced observations can exacerbate social facilitation when they act as successful trip reports — they can provide social proof that others successfully skied similar objectives, potentially encouraging emulation.",
    facet: "Social Facilitation",
    technology: "Crowdsourced Observations and Social Media",
    acts: ["Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Paper: Posts showing other parties completing an objective may provide a model for others to emulate (Isaak 2016); non-events can be misconstrued as evidence that the terrain choice was sound.",
        link: "https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=2270" }
    ]
  },
  {
    summary: "Heatmaps can potentially exacerbate social facilitation. While they can show useful common travel corridors that can aid orientation, heatmaps aggregate across time, and routes may not be safe under current conditions.",
    facet: "Social Facilitation",
    technology: "Activity and performance tracking platforms",
    acts: ["Trust", "Social Interaction"],
    gbu: "Good or Bad",
    sources: [
      { text: "Article: Dangers and opportunities of heatmaps (in German) (Prantl 2024).",
        link: "https://www.bergundsteigen.com/artikel/heisse-karten-gefahren-und-chancen-von-heatmaps/" }
    ]
  }
];