diff --git a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/catalog/OlapTable.java b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/catalog/OlapTable.java
index 2b8ea62f9e0b28..2183416026cce4 100644
--- a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/catalog/OlapTable.java
+++ b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/catalog/OlapTable.java
@@ -922,7 +922,15 @@ public List<Column> getSchemaByIndexId(Long indexId) {
     }
 
     public List<Column> getSchemaByIndexId(Long indexId, boolean full) {
-        List<Column> fullSchema = indexIdToMeta.get(indexId).getSchema();
+        MaterializedIndexMeta meta = indexIdToMeta.get(indexId);
+        if (meta == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(String.format(
+                    "No schema found for index id %d in table %s(%d). This may be caused by a"
+                    + " concurrent DDL operation (e.g., schema change). Available index ids: %s."
+                    + " Please retry the query.",
+                    indexId, name, id, indexIdToMeta.keySet()));
+        }
+        List<Column> fullSchema = meta.getSchema();
         if (full) {
             return fullSchema;
         } else {
diff --git a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/NereidsPlanner.java b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/NereidsPlanner.java
index 351b7f717177be..54e974e95daa97 100644
--- a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/NereidsPlanner.java
+++ b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/NereidsPlanner.java
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ public void plan(StatementBase queryStmt, org.apache.doris.thrift.TQueryOptions
                 if (plan instanceof PhysicalPlan) {
                     physicalPlan = (PhysicalPlan) plan;
                     distribute(physicalPlan, explainLevel);
+                    cacheThriftPlans(explainLevel);
                 }
             });
         } finally {
@@ -556,6 +557,21 @@ private void distribute(PhysicalPlan physicalPlan, ExplainLevel explainLevel) {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Pre-serialize (cache) the TPlan for each fragment while still holding the table read lock.
+     * This prevents NPE in OlapTable.getSchemaByIndexId caused by concurrent schema changes
+     * that may remove index metadata after the table lock is released.
+     */
+    private void cacheThriftPlans(ExplainLevel explainLevel) {
+        if (explainLevel != ExplainLevel.NONE && explainLevel.isPlanLevel
+                && (explainLevel != ExplainLevel.ALL_PLAN && explainLevel != ExplainLevel.DISTRIBUTED_PLAN)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (PlanFragment fragment : fragments) {
+            fragment.cacheThriftPlan();
+        }
+    }
+
     protected PhysicalPlan postProcess(PhysicalPlan physicalPlan) {
         return new PlanPostProcessors(cascadesContext).process(physicalPlan);
     }
diff --git a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/planner/PlanFragment.java b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/planner/PlanFragment.java
index d6a05f9711b5cb..ff416df23f151f 100644
--- a/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/planner/PlanFragment.java
+++ b/fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/planner/PlanFragment.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import org.apache.doris.qe.ConnectContext;
 import org.apache.doris.thrift.TExplainLevel;
 import org.apache.doris.thrift.TPartitionType;
+import org.apache.doris.thrift.TPlan;
 import org.apache.doris.thrift.TPlanFragment;
 import org.apache.doris.thrift.TQueryCacheParam;
 import org.apache.doris.thrift.TResultSinkType;
@@ -165,6 +166,10 @@ public class PlanFragment extends TreeNode<PlanFragment> {
     public TQueryCacheParam queryCacheParam;
     private int numBackends = 0;
     private boolean forceSingleInstance = false;
+    // Cache the serialized TPlan (built under table lock) to avoid NPE from concurrent schema changes.
+    // See: OlapTable.getSchemaByIndexId is called during treeToThrift(); by caching while holding
+    // the table read lock, we ensure schema meta is still present when the plan is serialized.
+    private Supplier<TPlan> thriftPlanCache;
 
     /**
      * C'tor for fragment with specific partition; the output is by default broadcast.
@@ -178,6 +183,7 @@ public PlanFragment(PlanFragmentId id, PlanNode root, DataPartition partition) {
         this.builderRuntimeFilterIds = new HashSet<>();
         this.targetRuntimeFilterIds = new HashSet<>();
         this.hasBucketShuffleJoin = buildHasBucketShuffleJoin();
+        this.thriftPlanCache = buildTPlanCache();
         setParallelExecNumIfExists();
         setFragmentInPlanTree(planRoot);
     }
@@ -206,6 +212,22 @@ private Supplier<Boolean> buildHasBucketShuffleJoin() {
         });
     }
 
+    private Supplier<TPlan> buildTPlanCache() {
+        return Suppliers.memoize(planRoot::treeToThrift);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pre-serialize the plan tree to Thrift while still holding the table read lock.
+     * This prevents NPE in OlapTable.getSchemaByIndexId due to concurrent schema changes
+     * that may remove index metadata after the lock is released.
+     */
+    public TPlan cacheThriftPlan() {
+        if (thriftPlanCache == null) {
+            thriftPlanCache = buildTPlanCache();
+        }
+        return thriftPlanCache.get();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Assigns 'this' as fragment of all PlanNodes in the plan tree rooted at node.
      * Does not traverse the children of ExchangeNodes because those must belong to a
@@ -328,9 +350,10 @@ public int getParallelExecNum() {
     }
 
     public TPlanFragment toThrift() {
+        cacheThriftPlan();
         TPlanFragment result = new TPlanFragment();
         if (planRoot != null) {
-            result.setPlan(planRoot.treeToThrift());
+            result.setPlan(thriftPlanCache.get());
         }
         if (outputExprs != null) {
             result.setOutputExprs(Expr.treesToThrift(outputExprs));