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title Linux SysAdmin Cheatsheet
layout default

Linux SysAdmin Cheatsheet

Essential Commands, Scripts & Troubleshooting Guide

Credit: Zubair H

Table of Contents

Quick Start Guide

This cheatsheet is organized by topic with practical examples. Use the table of contents to quickly navigate to the sections most relevant to your current task.

File System Management

Basic File Operations

Command Description Example
ls List directory contents ls -la /home
cp Copy files and directories cp -r source_dir/ dest_dir/
mv Move/rename files mv oldname newname
rm Remove files/directories rm -rf directory/
find Search for files find / -name "*.log"

Disk & Storage Management

# Show disk space usage
df -h

# Show directory sizes
du -sh /var/*

# Find large files (>100MB)
find / -type f -size +100M -exec ls -lh {} \;

# Monitor disk I/O
iostat -x 1

Permissions & Ownership

# Numeric method
chmod 755 script.sh

# Symbolic method
chmod u+x,g-w,o-r file

# Recursive
chmod -R 644 /path/

# Change owner
chown user file

# Change group
chgrp group file

# Change both
chown user:group file

# Recursive ownership
chown -R user:group /path/

User & Group Administration

User Management

Command Description Example
useradd Create new user useradd -m -s /bin/bash john
usermod Modify user account usermod -aG sudo john
userdel Delete user userdel -r john
passwd Change password passwd john

Group Management

# Create new group
groupadd developers

# Add user to group
usermod -aG developers john

# List user groups
groups john

# Remove user from group
gpasswd -d john developers

# View group members
getent group developers

Sudo Security

Be cautious when granting sudo privileges. Use specific commands rather than ALL when possible.

# Edit sudoers file safely
visudo

# Example sudoers entry
john ALL=(ALL) /usr/bin/systemctl, /usr/bin/apt

# Run command as another user
sudo -u john whoami

Process Management

Process Monitoring

Command Description Usage
ps Process status `ps aux
top Interactive process viewer top -u www-data
htop Enhanced top htop
kill Terminate process kill -9 1234
pkill Kill by name pkill -f nginx

System Monitoring

# CPU usage
mpstat 1

# Memory usage
free -h

# I/O statistics
iostat -x 1

# Network traffic
iftop

# Real-time monitoring
watch -n 1 'df -h; echo; free -h'

# Find process using port
lsof -i :80

# Show process tree
pstree -p

# Nice value (priority)
nice -n 10 command
renice 15 -p 1234

# Background jobs
jobs
fg %1
bg %1

Systemd Service Management

# Start/stop service
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl stop nginx

# Enable/disable service
sudo systemctl enable nginx
sudo systemctl disable nginx

# Check service status
sudo systemctl status nginx

# Reload service config
sudo systemctl reload nginx

# View service logs
sudo journalctl -u nginx -f

Network Configuration

Command Description Example
ip Modern network config ip addr show
ifconfig Legacy network config ifconfig eth0
netstat Network statistics netstat -tulpn
ss Socket statistics ss -tulpn
ping Network connectivity ping google.com

SSH & Remote Access

# Basic SSH connection
ssh user@hostname

# SSH with specific port
ssh -p 2222 user@hostname

# SSH with key authentication
ssh -i ~/.ssh/key.pem user@hostname

# SSH tunnel
ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 user@hostname

# SCP file transfer
scp file.txt user@hostname:/path/
scp user@hostname:/path/file.txt .

Firewall Management

UFW (Ubuntu)

# Enable firewall
sudo ufw enable

# Allow SSH
sudo ufw allow ssh

# Allow specific port
sudo ufw allow 8080/tcp

# Deny port
sudo ufw deny 25/tcp

# Status
sudo ufw status verbose

Firewalld (RHEL/CentOS)

# Start service
sudo systemctl start firewalld

# Allow service
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=http

# Allow port
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=8080/tcp

# Make permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent

# List rules
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all

Security & Monitoring

System Monitoring (Security)

# Monitor system resources
top
htop

# Disk I/O monitoring
iotop

# Network monitoring
nethogs

# Continuous log monitoring
tail -f /var/log/syslog

# Monitor failed login attempts
sudo lastb

# Check for rootkits
sudo rkhunter --check

Log Management

Command Description Usage
journalctl Systemd journal journalctl -f
tail Follow log files tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
grep Search logs grep "ERROR" /var/log/syslog
logrotate Manage log files logrotate -f /etc/logrotate.conf

Backup & Recovery

File Backups

# Simple tar backup
tar -czf backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /important/data

# Rsync backup
rsync -av /source/ /backup/destination/

# Incremental backup with rsync
rsync -av --link-dest=/previous/backup /source/ /new/backup/

Database Backups

# MySQL backup
mysqldump -u user -p database > backup.sql

# PostgreSQL backup
pg_dump database > backup.sql

# MongoDB backup
mongodump --host localhost --db mydb --out /backup/

Critical Security Practices

Always test your backups regularly. Store backups in multiple locations including off-site. Encrypt sensitive backup data.

Shell Scripting Essentials

Basic Script Template

#!/bin/bash
# Script: system_info.sh
# Description: Basic system information script

set -e  # Exit on error

# Variables
HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
LOG_FILE="/var/log/system_info.log"

# Functions
check_disk_usage() {
    echo "== Disk Usage =="
    df -h | grep -v tmpfs
}

check_memory() {
    echo "== Memory Usage =="
    free -h
}

# Main script
main() {
    echo "System Report for $HOSTNAME - $DATE"
    check_disk_usage
    check_memory
}

# Execute main function
main "$@"

Cron Jobs

Cron Syntax

# Minute Hour Day Month DayOfWeek Command
# * * * * * command

# Examples:
# Every minute
* * * * * /path/command

# Every day at 2:30 AM
30 2 * * * /path/backup.sh

# Every Monday at 6 PM
0 18 * * 1 /path/script.sh

# Every 10 minutes
*/10 * * * * /path/monitor.sh

Cron Management

# Edit user crontab
crontab -e

# List current crontab
crontab -l

# Remove all cron jobs
crontab -r

# System cron (root)
sudo crontab -e

# Cron directories
/etc/cron.hourly/
/etc/cron.daily/
/etc/cron.weekly/
/etc/cron.monthly/

Useful One‑Liners

# Find and delete old log files
find /var/log -name "*.log" -mtime +30 -delete

# Count lines of code in project
find . -name "*.py" -exec wc -l {} + | tail -1

# Monitor multiple log files simultaneously
tail -f /var/log/nginx/*.log /var/log/mysql/*.log

# Create backup with timestamp
tar -czf "backup-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).tar.gz" /important/data

# Kill processes matching pattern
pkill -f "python3 app.py"

# SSH tunnel for MySQL access
ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 user@dbserver

Troubleshooting Guide

SSH Connectivity Issues

# Check if SSH service is running
sudo systemctl status ssh

# Verify firewall rules
sudo ufw status

# Check SSH port
sudo netstat -tulpn | grep :22

# Examine SSH logs
sudo journalctl -u ssh -f

# Test from different network

High CPU Usage

# Identify top processes
top
htop

# Check for zombie processes
ps aux | grep defunct

# Monitor system load
uptime

# Check for runaway scripts
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head

# Examine application logs

Disk Full Issues

# Check disk usage
df -h

# Find large directories
du -sh /* | sort -hr

# Check for large log files
find /var/log -type f -size +100M

# Clear package cache
sudo apt clean   # or sudo yum clean all

# Check for core dumps
find / -name "core" -size +10M

Emergency Recovery

These commands should only be used when the system is unresponsive or in critical condition.

# Force filesystem check on reboot
sudo touch /forcefsck

# Enter single-user mode (emergency)
sudo systemctl rescue

# Kill process by name (forceful)
pkill -9 process_name

# Remount filesystem as read-write
mount -o remount,rw /

# Emergency memory cleanup
echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

# Force service restart
sudo systemctl reset-failed service_name

Most Used Commands

File Operations

Command Description
ls -la Detailed listing
cp -r Recursive copy
rm -rf Force remove
find / -name Search files
grep -r "text" Recursive search

Networking

Command Description
ip addr Network interfaces
netstat -tulpn Open ports
ss -tulpn Modern netstat
ping Network test
traceroute Route tracing

System Info

Command Description
uname -a System info
df -h Disk space
free -h Memory usage
uptime System uptime
lscpu CPU information

Process Management

Command Description
ps aux All processes
top Process monitor
kill -9 Force kill
pkill Kill by name
nice Process priority

Keyboard Shortcuts

Shortcut Description Context
Ctrl + C Interrupt/Kill process Terminal
Ctrl + Z Suspend process Terminal
Ctrl + D Exit shell Terminal
Ctrl + R Search command history Bash
Ctrl + A Move to line start Terminal
Ctrl + E Move to line end Terminal