diff --git a/docs/runtime/networking/udp.mdx b/docs/runtime/networking/udp.mdx
index 8ca87d969294..7e557251c67e 100644
--- a/docs/runtime/networking/udp.mdx
+++ b/docs/runtime/networking/udp.mdx
@@ -129,6 +129,51 @@ const socket = await Bun.udpSocket({
 });
 ```
 
+### Handle errors
+
+Bun calls the `error` socket handler with the socket and the error when the `data` or `drain` handler throws. The socket stays open.
+
+<Note>Earlier versions of Bun call `error` with the error as the only argument.</Note>
+
+```ts
+const server = await Bun.udpSocket({
+  socket: {
+    data(socket, buf, port, addr) {
+      throw new Error("invalid packet");
+    },
+    error(socket, error) {
+      console.log(error.message); // "invalid packet"
+      console.log(socket.closed); // false
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const client = await Bun.udpSocket({});
+client.send("Hello!", server.port, "127.0.0.1");
+```
+
+If the socket has no `error` handler, Bun reports the thrown value as an uncaught exception.
+
+Bun does not wait for a promise that `data` or `drain` returns. If the promise rejects, Bun reports an unhandled rejection and does not call `error`.
+
+On Linux and macOS, Bun also calls `error` when a receive fails. For example, a send from a connected socket to a port with no listener makes the next receive fail with `ECONNREFUSED`:
+
+```ts
+const socket = await Bun.udpSocket({
+  connect: {
+    port: 41234, // no listener on this port
+    hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+  },
+  socket: {
+    error(socket, error: Bun.SystemError) {
+      console.log(error.code); // "ECONNREFUSED"
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+socket.send("Hello");
+```
+
 ### Socket options
 
 UDP sockets support setting various socket options:
diff --git a/packages/bun-types/bun.d.ts b/packages/bun-types/bun.d.ts
index e6e36301b614..51b72ea1aefe 100644
--- a/packages/bun-types/bun.d.ts
+++ b/packages/bun-types/bun.d.ts
@@ -7434,6 +7434,22 @@ declare module "bun" {
         flags: ReceiveFlags,
       ): void | Promise<void>;
       drain?(socket: Socket<DataBinaryType>): void | Promise<void>;
+      /**
+       * Called when the `data` or `drain` handler throws. On Linux and macOS,
+       * also called when a receive fails. The socket stays open.
+       *
+       * If `data` or `drain` throws and there is no `error` handler, the
+       * thrown value is reported as an uncaught exception.
+       *
+       * A promise that `data` or `drain` returns is not awaited. If it
+       * rejects, the rejection is reported as an unhandled rejection and does
+       * not reach `error`.
+       *
+       * Earlier versions of Bun call this handler with the error as the only
+       * argument.
+       *
+       * @param error The error. A value that `data` or `drain` throws is passed as thrown.
+       */
       error?(socket: Socket<DataBinaryType>, error: Error): void | Promise<void>;
     }
 
@@ -7446,6 +7462,22 @@ declare module "bun" {
         flags: ReceiveFlags,
       ): void | Promise<void>;
       drain?(socket: ConnectedSocket<DataBinaryType>): void | Promise<void>;
+      /**
+       * Called when the `data` or `drain` handler throws. On Linux and macOS,
+       * also called when a receive fails. The socket stays open.
+       *
+       * If `data` or `drain` throws and there is no `error` handler, the
+       * thrown value is reported as an uncaught exception.
+       *
+       * A promise that `data` or `drain` returns is not awaited. If it
+       * rejects, the rejection is reported as an unhandled rejection and does
+       * not reach `error`.
+       *
+       * Earlier versions of Bun call this handler with the error as the only
+       * argument.
+       *
+       * @param error The error. A value that `data` or `drain` throws is passed as thrown.
+       */
       error?(socket: ConnectedSocket<DataBinaryType>, error: Error): void | Promise<void>;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/js/node/dgram.ts b/src/js/node/dgram.ts
index d2b662209ca3..dc5dcbfa1d69 100644
--- a/src/js/node/dgram.ts
+++ b/src/js/node/dgram.ts
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ function startBunSocket(self, state, createOptions, sharedHandle?) {
         drain: () => {
           handleDrain.$call(state.handle);
         },
-        error: error => {
+        error: (_socket, error) => {
           if (error?.syscall === "recv") {
             // Drop errqueue-origin ICMP errors on unconnected sockets like
             // Node (which never enables IP_RECVERR); always emit real
diff --git a/src/runtime/socket/udp_socket.rs b/src/runtime/socket/udp_socket.rs
index d919f2af5184..eeceb880d83a 100644
--- a/src/runtime/socket/udp_socket.rs
+++ b/src/runtime/socket/udp_socket.rs
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ impl UDPSocket {
             callback,
             global_this,
             this_value,
-            &[err.to_error().unwrap_or(err)],
+            &[this_value, err.to_error().unwrap_or(err)],
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/test/integration/bun-types/fixture/udp.ts b/test/integration/bun-types/fixture/udp.ts
index 619733f37297..fa8947c050ad 100644
--- a/test/integration/bun-types/fixture/udp.ts
+++ b/test/integration/bun-types/fixture/udp.ts
@@ -56,3 +56,72 @@ expectType(connectedSocket.setMulticastTTL(1)).is<number>();
 expectType(connectedSocket.setMulticastLoopback(false)).is<boolean>();
 
 connectedSocket.close();
+
+const socketWithHandlers = await Bun.udpSocket({
+  port: 0,
+  socket: {
+    data(socket, data, port, address, flags) {
+      expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.Socket<"buffer">>();
+      expectType(data).is<Buffer>();
+      expectType(port).is<number>();
+      expectType(address).is<string>();
+      expectType(flags).is<Bun.udp.ReceiveFlags>();
+    },
+    drain(socket) {
+      expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.Socket<"buffer">>();
+    },
+    error(socket, error) {
+      expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.Socket<"buffer">>();
+      expectType(error).is<Error>();
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+expectType(socketWithHandlers).is<Bun.udp.Socket<"buffer">>();
+
+const connectedSocketHandlers: Bun.udp.ConnectedSocketHandler<"buffer"> = {
+  data(socket, data, port, address, flags) {
+    expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.ConnectedSocket<"buffer">>();
+    expectType(data).is<Buffer>();
+    expectType(port).is<number>();
+    expectType(address).is<string>();
+    expectType(flags).is<Bun.udp.ReceiveFlags>();
+  },
+  drain(socket) {
+    expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.ConnectedSocket<"buffer">>();
+  },
+  error(socket, error) {
+    expectType(socket).is<Bun.udp.ConnectedSocket<"buffer">>();
+    expectType(error).is<Error>();
+  },
+};
+
+const connectedSocketWithHandlers = await Bun.udpSocket({
+  port: 0,
+  connect: {
+    hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+    port: 41234,
+  },
+  socket: connectedSocketHandlers,
+});
+
+expectType(connectedSocketWithHandlers).is<Bun.udp.ConnectedSocket<"buffer">>();
+
+// The example in docs/runtime/networking/udp.mdx: handlers written inline on a connected socket.
+// No check of `socket` here: TypeScript gives it the type of an unconnected socket (https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/issues/44272).
+await Bun.udpSocket({
+  connect: {
+    hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+    port: 41234,
+  },
+  socket: {
+    error(socket, error: Bun.SystemError) {
+      expectType(error.code).is<string | undefined>();
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const errorFirstHandlers: Bun.udp.SocketHandler<"buffer"> = {
+  // @ts-expect-error The socket is the first argument. The error is the second.
+  error(error: Error) {},
+};
diff --git a/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket.test.ts b/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket.test.ts
index 24c3939a767c..4a4bb09ef7b5 100644
--- a/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket.test.ts
+++ b/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket.test.ts
@@ -780,6 +780,67 @@ describe("udpSocket()", () => {
   });
 });
 
+// `error` gets the socket first, like `data` and `drain`, and like the
+// handlers of Bun.listen() and Bun.connect().
+describe("error handler is called with (socket, error)", () => {
+  describe.each(["unconnected", "connected"] as const)("%s socket", kind => {
+    describe.each(["data", "drain"] as const)("%s handler throws", trigger => {
+      test.each(["udpSocket()", "reload()"] as const)("handlers registered by %s", async registeredBy => {
+        const thrown = new Error("boom");
+        const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<{ args: unknown[]; self: unknown }>();
+        const handlers = {
+          [trigger]() {
+            throw thrown;
+          },
+          // `this` is the socket too. bun-types does not declare it.
+          error(this: unknown, ...args: unknown[]) {
+            resolve({ args, self: this });
+          },
+        };
+
+        const peer = await udpSocket({ hostname: "127.0.0.1" });
+        const options = {
+          hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+          ...(kind === "connected" && { connect: { hostname: "127.0.0.1", port: peer.port } }),
+          ...(registeredBy === "udpSocket()" && { socket: handlers }),
+        };
+        const socket = await udpSocket(options);
+        if (registeredBy === "reload()") {
+          // @ts-expect-error reload() reads the handlers from `socket`: https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/issues/44271
+          socket.reload({ socket: handlers });
+        }
+
+        let resend: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | undefined;
+        try {
+          // A new socket reports writable once, so `drain` runs with no send.
+          if (trigger === "data") {
+            const send = () => peer.send("x", socket.port, "127.0.0.1");
+            resend = setInterval(send, 20);
+            send();
+          }
+
+          const { args, self } = await promise;
+          expect({
+            argc: args.length,
+            firstIsSocket: args[0] === socket,
+            secondIsThrown: args[1] === thrown,
+            thisIsSocket: self === socket,
+          }).toEqual({
+            argc: 2,
+            firstIsSocket: true,
+            secondIsThrown: true,
+            thisIsSocket: true,
+          });
+        } finally {
+          clearInterval(resend);
+          socket.close();
+          peer.close();
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
 // us_udp_socket_send batches at most ~204 messages per sendmmsg; a >batch-size
 // sendMany must loop and report the TOTAL accepted. The pre-fix loop condition
 // compared against a decremented `num` and stopped after one batch, which every
diff --git a/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket_recv_flags.test.ts b/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket_recv_flags.test.ts
index 548a13307799..7fb8ae4a3be7 100644
--- a/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket_recv_flags.test.ts
+++ b/test/js/bun/udp/udp_socket_recv_flags.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 import { udpSocket } from "bun";
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
-import { isLinux } from "harness";
+import { isLinux, isWindows } from "harness";
 
 describe("udpSocket() receive flags", () => {
   test("data callback receives flags object with truncated=false for normal packets", async () => {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe("udpSocket() receive flags", () => {
 
       const sender = await udpSocket({
         socket: {
-          error(err: Error & { code?: string }) {
+          error(_socket, err: Error & { code?: string }) {
             resolveErr(err);
           },
         },
@@ -93,4 +93,47 @@ describe("udpSocket() receive flags", () => {
       }
     },
   );
+
+  // A connected socket gets the ICMP error on Linux and macOS. Linux reads it
+  // from the error queue. macOS gets it from the receive that fails.
+  test.skipIf(isWindows)("a connected socket reports ECONNREFUSED as error(socket, error) and stays open", async () => {
+    // A port that refuses the datagrams of this test and that no other process
+    // can bind: a socket connected to another peer holds it.
+    const other = await udpSocket({ hostname: "127.0.0.1" });
+    const holder = await udpSocket({ hostname: "127.0.0.1", connect: { hostname: "127.0.0.1", port: other.port } });
+
+    const { promise, resolve, reject } = Promise.withResolvers<{ argc: number; socket: unknown; code: unknown }>();
+    const sender = await udpSocket({
+      connect: { hostname: "127.0.0.1", port: holder.port },
+      socket: {
+        error(...args: unknown[]) {
+          resolve({ argc: args.length, socket: args[0], code: (args[1] as { code?: unknown } | undefined)?.code });
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const send = () => {
+      if (sender.closed) return reject(new Error("the socket closed and did not call `error`"));
+      // A send can throw the pending ECONNREFUSED before a receive reports it.
+      try {
+        sender.send("x");
+      } catch {}
+    };
+    const resend = setInterval(send, 10);
+    try {
+      send();
+      const { argc, socket, code } = await promise;
+      expect({ argc, socketIsSender: socket === sender, code, closed: sender.closed }).toEqual({
+        argc: 2,
+        socketIsSender: true,
+        code: "ECONNREFUSED",
+        closed: false,
+      });
+    } finally {
+      clearInterval(resend);
+      sender.close();
+      holder.close();
+      other.close();
+    }
+  });
 });