diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cad7f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Changelog
+
+## 0.3.0 (unreleased)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Upgraded to ggsql Rust crate v0.3.0. See the [upstream changelog](https://github.com/posit-dev/ggsql/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) for details on new features, bug fixes, and breaking changes.
+- Replaced polars with Arrow (via pyarrow) for the Rust↔Python data bridge. `DuckDBReader.execute_sql()`, `Spec.data()`, `Spec.layer_data()`, and `Spec.stat_data()` now return `pyarrow.Table` instead of `polars.DataFrame`. `DuckDBReader.register()` accepts `pyarrow.Table` (polars DataFrames are still accepted via automatic conversion). Custom readers returning polars DataFrames from `execute_sql()` continue to work without changes.
+- Runtime dependency changed from `polars` to `pyarrow`.
+
+## 0.2.7
+
+Synced with ggsql Rust crate v0.2.7.
+
+## 0.1.4
+
+Initial release.
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7485e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# CLAUDE.md
+
+This file provides guidance to Claude Code (claude.ai/code) when working with code in this repository.
+
+## What This Is
+
+Python bindings for the [ggsql](https://github.com/posit-dev/ggsql) Rust crate — a SQL extension for declarative data visualization. The Rust crate handles parsing, validation, and Vega-Lite generation; this repo wraps it via PyO3/maturin and adds a Python-native API layer (`render_altair()`, `VegaLiteWriter.render_chart()`).
+
+## Build & Development
+
+Requires Rust toolchain and Python 3.10+. Uses `uv` for Python dependency management.
+
+```bash
+# Install dev dependencies
+uv sync
+
+# Build the Rust extension in-place (required after any Rust changes)
+uv run maturin develop
+
+# Run all tests
+uv run pytest tests/ -v
+
+# Run a single test
+uv run pytest tests/test_ggsql.py::TestValidate::test_valid_query_with_visualise -v
+
+# Rust checks (CI runs these)
+cargo fmt -- --check
+cargo clippy -- -D warnings
+```
+
+To pick up a new version of the upstream `ggsql` Rust crate, bump its version in `Cargo.toml` and re-run `maturin develop`.
+
+## Architecture
+
+**Rust layer** (`src/lib.rs`): Single-file PyO3 module exposing `DuckDBReader`, `VegaLiteWriter`, `Validated`, `Spec`, `validate()`, and `execute()` to Python. Data crosses the Rust↔Python boundary via Arrow IPC serialization (`arrow::ipc::StreamWriter`/`StreamReader` on the Rust side, `pyarrow.ipc` on the Python side). The `py_to_df` helper accepts any object that `pyarrow.table()` can convert (pyarrow Tables, polars DataFrames, pandas DataFrames, etc.). Custom Python readers are bridged to the Rust `Reader` trait via `PyReaderBridge`; native readers (currently just `DuckDBReader`) use a fast path that skips the bridge (see `try_native_readers!` macro).
+
+**Python layer** (`python/ggsql/__init__.py`): Re-exports Rust bindings and adds `render_altair()` (convenience function that registers a DataFrame, executes, and returns an Altair chart) and a Python `VegaLiteWriter` wrapper that adds `render_chart()`. The `_json_to_altair_chart()` helper dispatches to the correct Altair chart class based on the Vega-Lite spec structure (layer, facet, concat, etc.).
+
+**Key design pattern**: Two-stage API — `reader.execute(query) -> Spec`, then `writer.render(spec) -> str` or `writer.render_chart(spec) -> AltairChart`. The `render_altair()` shortcut collapses both stages.
+
+## `.cargo/config.toml`
+
+Sets `GGSQL_SKIP_GENERATE=1` so tree-sitter uses its pre-generated parser rather than regenerating from `grammar.js`. Don't remove this.
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b00f3db..7ef994a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -42,12 +42,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
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@@ -57,56 +51,6 @@ dependencies = [
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@@ -122,15 +66,6 @@ dependencies = [
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@@ -140,27 +75,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
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@@ -340,51 +254,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
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@@ -939,18 +531,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum 0.27.2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "dyn-clone"
-version = "1.0.20"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d0881ea181b1df73ff77ffaaf9c7544ecc11e82fba9b5f27b262a3c73a332555"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.15.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48c757948c5ede0e46177b7add2e67155f70e33c07fea8284df6576da70b3719"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
 version = "1.0.2"
@@ -967,33 +547,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ethnum"
-version = "1.5.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40404c3f5f511ec4da6fe866ddf6a717c309fdbb69fbbad7b0f3edab8f2e835f"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "event-listener"
-version = "5.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e13b66accf52311f30a0db42147dadea9850cb48cd070028831ae5f5d4b856ab"
-dependencies = [
- "concurrent-queue",
- "parking",
- "pin-project-lite",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "event-listener-strategy"
-version = "0.5.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8be9f3dfaaffdae2972880079a491a1a8bb7cbed0b8dd7a347f668b4150a3b93"
-dependencies = [
- "event-listener",
- "pin-project-lite",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fallible-iterator"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -1006,12 +559,6 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7360491ce676a36bf9bb3c56c1aa791658183a54d2744120f27285738d90465a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fast-float2"
-version = "0.2.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8eb564c5c7423d25c886fb561d1e4ee69f72354d16918afa32c08811f6b6a55"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fast-srgb8"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -1062,33 +609,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "float-cmp"
-version = "0.10.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b09cf3155332e944990140d967ff5eceb70df778b34f77d8075db46e4704e6d8"
-dependencies = [
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "fnv"
-version = "1.0.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "foldhash"
 version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d9c4f5dac5e15c24eb999c26181a6ca40b39fe946cbe4c263c7209467bc83af2"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "foldhash"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77ce24cb58228fbb8aa041425bb1050850ac19177686ea6e0f41a70416f56fdb"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "form_urlencoded"
 version = "1.2.2"
@@ -1098,37 +624,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fs4"
-version = "0.13.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8640e34b88f7652208ce9e88b1a37a2ae95227d84abec377ccd3c5cfeb141ed4"
-dependencies = [
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "funty"
 version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6d5a32815ae3f33302d95fdcb2ce17862f8c65363dcfd29360480ba1001fc9c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures"
-version = "0.3.32"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b147ee9d1f6d097cef9ce628cd2ee62288d963e16fb287bd9286455b241382d"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-core",
- "futures-executor",
- "futures-io",
- "futures-sink",
- "futures-task",
- "futures-util",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-channel"
 version = "0.3.32"
@@ -1145,34 +646,12 @@ version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7e3450815272ef58cec6d564423f6e755e25379b217b0bc688e295ba24df6b1d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures-executor"
-version = "0.3.32"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "baf29c38818342a3b26b5b923639e7b1f4a61fc5e76102d4b1981c6dc7a7579d"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "futures-task",
- "futures-util",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
 version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cecba35d7ad927e23624b22ad55235f2239cfa44fd10428eecbeba6d6a717718"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures-macro"
-version = "0.3.32"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e835b70203e41293343137df5c0664546da5745f82ec9b84d40be8336958447b"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.117",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
 version = "0.3.32"
@@ -1191,10 +670,8 @@ version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "389ca41296e6190b48053de0321d02a77f32f8a5d2461dd38762c0593805c6d6"
 dependencies = [
- "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
  "futures-io",
- "futures-macro",
  "futures-sink",
  "futures-task",
  "memchr",
@@ -1202,16 +679,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "slab",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
-dependencies = [
- "typenum",
- "version_check",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
 version = "0.2.17"
@@ -1254,20 +721,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ggsql"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b96d026414adf7123525777df11b498aea6ad4da1905607a0f435e186e363724"
+checksum = "ceed7543608a557d898d7589d29433784d2b189e1752ec62535529dd682f2b1c"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "arrow",
+ "bytes",
  "chrono",
- "clap",
  "const_format",
  "csscolorparser",
  "duckdb",
  "palette",
- "polars",
- "polars-ops",
  "rand 0.8.6",
  "regex",
  "serde",
@@ -1283,36 +747,11 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "ggsql-python"
 version = "0.2.7"
 dependencies = [
+ "arrow",
  "ggsql",
- "polars",
  "pyo3",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "glob"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0cc23270f6e1808e30a928bdc84dea0b9b4136a8bc82338574f23baf47bbd280"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "h2"
-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f44da3a8150a6703ed5d34e164b875fd14c2cdab9af1252a9a1020bde2bdc54"
-dependencies = [
- "atomic-waker",
- "bytes",
- "fnv",
- "futures-core",
- "futures-sink",
- "http",
- "indexmap",
- "slab",
- "tokio",
- "tokio-util",
- "tracing",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
 version = "2.7.1"
@@ -1325,16 +764,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerocopy",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "halfbrown"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c7ed2f2edad8a14c8186b847909a41fbb9c3eafa44f88bd891114ed5019da09"
-dependencies = [
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -1350,9 +779,7 @@ version = "0.15.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9229cfe53dfd69f0609a49f65461bd93001ea1ef889cd5529dd176593f5338a1"
 dependencies = [
- "allocator-api2",
- "equivalent",
- "foldhash 0.1.5",
+ "foldhash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1360,14 +787,6 @@ name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "841d1cc9bed7f9236f321df977030373f4a4163ae1a7dbfe1a51a2c1a51d9100"
-dependencies = [
- "allocator-api2",
- "equivalent",
- "foldhash 0.2.0",
- "rayon",
- "serde",
- "serde_core",
-]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
@@ -1390,21 +809,6 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hex"
-version = "0.4.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f24254aa9a54b5c858eaee2f5bccdb46aaf0e486a595ed5fd8f86ba55232a70"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.12"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc627f471c528ff0c4a49e1d5e60450c8f6461dd6d10ba9dcd3a61d3dff7728d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -1444,12 +848,6 @@ version = "1.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6dbf3de79e51f3d586ab4cb9d5c3e2c14aa28ed23d180cf89b4df0454a69cc87"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "humantime"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "135b12329e5e3ce057a9f972339ea52bc954fe1e9358ef27f95e89716fbc5424"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
 version = "1.9.0"
@@ -1460,7 +858,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
- "h2",
  "http",
  "http-body",
  "httparse",
@@ -1481,7 +878,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper",
  "hyper-util",
  "rustls",
- "rustls-native-certs",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-rustls",
  "tower-service",
@@ -1681,21 +1077,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
-version = "1.70.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "itertools"
-version = "0.14.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.18"
@@ -1840,7 +1221,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "plain",
- "redox_syscall 0.7.4",
+ "redox_syscall",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1855,15 +1236,6 @@ version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "92daf443525c4cce67b150400bc2316076100ce0b3686209eb8cf3c31612e6f0"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "224399e74b87b5f3557511d98dff8b14089b3dadafcab6bb93eab67d3aace965"
-dependencies = [
- "scopeguard",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
 version = "0.4.29"
@@ -1876,40 +1248,12 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "112b39cec0b298b6c1999fee3e31427f74f676e4cb9879ed1a121b43661a4154"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lz4"
-version = "1.28.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a20b523e860d03443e98350ceaac5e71c6ba89aea7d960769ec3ce37f4de5af4"
-dependencies = [
- "lz4-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lz4-sys"
-version = "1.11.1+lz4-1.10.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6bd8c0d6c6ed0cd30b3652886bb8711dc4bb01d637a68105a3d5158039b418e6"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
 version = "2.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f8ca58f447f06ed17d5fc4043ce1b10dd205e060fb3ce5b979b8ed8e59ff3f79"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.9.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "714098028fe011992e1c3962653c96b2d578c4b4bce9036e15ff220319b1e0e3"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.9.1"
@@ -1940,15 +1284,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "now"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d89e9874397a1f0a52fc1f197a8effd9735223cb2390e9dcc83ac6cd02923d0"
-dependencies = [
- "chrono",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -2023,68 +1358,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libm",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.37.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff76201f031d8863c38aa7f905eca4f53abbfa15f609db4277d44cd8938f33fe"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.12.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fbfbfff40aeccab00ec8a910b57ca8ecf4319b335c542f2edcd19dd25a1e2a00"
-dependencies = [
- "async-trait",
- "base64",
- "bytes",
- "chrono",
- "form_urlencoded",
- "futures",
- "http",
- "http-body-util",
- "humantime",
- "hyper",
- "itertools",
- "parking_lot",
- "percent-encoding",
- "quick-xml",
- "rand 0.9.4",
- "reqwest",
- "ring",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "serde_urlencoded",
- "thiserror 2.0.18",
- "tokio",
- "tracing",
- "url",
- "walkdir",
- "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "web-time",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.21.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9f7c3e4beb33f85d45ae3e3a1792185706c8e16d043238c593331cc7cd313b50"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "once_cell_polyfill"
-version = "1.70.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "openssl-probe"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c87def4c32ab89d880effc9e097653c8da5d6ef28e6b539d313baaacfbafcbe"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "palette"
 version = "0.7.6"
@@ -2109,35 +1388,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "parking"
-version = "2.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f38d5652c16fde515bb1ecef450ab0f6a219d619a7274976324d5e377f7dceba"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.12.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "93857453250e3077bd71ff98b6a65ea6621a19bb0f559a85248955ac12c45a1a"
-dependencies = [
- "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.9.12"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2621685985a2ebf1c516881c026032ac7deafcda1a2c9b7850dc81e3dfcb64c1"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.5.18",
- "smallvec",
- "windows-link",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.3.2"
@@ -2154,15 +1404,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared 0.11.3",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "phf"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "913273894cec178f401a31ec4b656318d95473527be05c0752cc41cdc32be8b7"
-dependencies = [
- "phf_shared 0.12.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
 version = "0.13.1"
@@ -2230,15 +1471,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "phf_shared"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06005508882fb681fd97892ecff4b7fd0fee13ef1aa569f8695dae7ab9099981"
-dependencies = [
- "siphasher",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_shared"
 version = "0.13.1"
@@ -2268,558 +1500,16 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4596b6d070b27117e987119b4dac604f3c58cfb0b191112e24771b2faeac1a6"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "planus"
-version = "1.1.1"
+name = "portable-atomic"
+version = "1.13.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3daf8e3d4b712abe1d690838f6e29fb76b76ea19589c4afa39ec30e12f62af71"
-dependencies = [
- "array-init-cursor",
- "hashbrown 0.15.5",
-]
+checksum = "c33a9471896f1c69cecef8d20cbe2f7accd12527ce60845ff44c153bb2a21b49"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "polars"
-version = "0.52.0"
+name = "potential_utf"
+version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6bc9ea901050c1bb8747ee411bc7fbb390f3b399931e7484719512965132a248"
-dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.17",
- "getrandom 0.3.4",
- "polars-arrow",
- "polars-compute",
- "polars-core",
- "polars-error",
- "polars-io",
- "polars-lazy",
- "polars-ops",
- "polars-plan",
- "polars-sql",
- "polars-time",
- "polars-utils",
- "version_check",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "polars-arrow"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "33d3fe43f8702cf7899ff3d516c2e5f7dc84ee6f6a3007e1a831a0ff87940704"
-dependencies = [
- "atoi_simd",
- "bitflags",
- "bytemuck",
- "chrono",
- "chrono-tz",
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 dependencies = [
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+ "bitflags",
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 [[package]]
@@ -3249,7 +1831,6 @@ dependencies = [
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  "futures-core",
  "futures-util",
- "h2",
  "http",
  "http-body",
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@@ -3262,7 +1843,6 @@ dependencies = [
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  "rustls",
- "rustls-native-certs",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "serde",
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@@ -3270,14 +1850,12 @@ dependencies = [
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@@ -3325,25 +1903,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 name = "rust_decimal"
 version = "1.41.0"
@@ -3403,18 +1962,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustls-native-certs"
-version = "0.8.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "612460d5f7bea540c490b2b6395d8e34a953e52b491accd6c86c8164c5932a63"
-dependencies = [
- "openssl-probe",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "schannel",
- "security-framework",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-pki-types"
 version = "1.14.0"
@@ -3448,59 +1995,12 @@ version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9774ba4a74de5f7b1c1451ed6cd5285a32eddb5cccb8cc655a4e50009e06477f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "same-file"
-version = "1.0.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "93fc1dc3aaa9bfed95e02e6eadabb4baf7e3078b0bd1b4d7b6b0b68378900502"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi-util",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "schannel"
-version = "0.1.29"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91c1b7e4904c873ef0710c1f407dde2e6287de2bebc1bbbf7d430bb7cbffd939"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "scopeguard"
-version = "1.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "seahash"
 version = "4.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1c107b6f4780854c8b126e228ea8869f4d7b71260f962fefb57b996b8959ba6b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "security-framework"
-version = "3.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b7f4bc775c73d9a02cde8bf7b2ec4c9d12743edf609006c7facc23998404cd1d"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
- "core-foundation",
- "core-foundation-sys",
- "libc",
- "security-framework-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "security-framework-sys"
-version = "2.17.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ce2691df843ecc5d231c0b14ece2acc3efb62c0a398c7e1d875f3983ce020e3"
-dependencies = [
- "core-foundation-sys",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.28"
@@ -3551,17 +2051,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "zmij",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_stacker"
-version = "0.1.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d4936375d50c4be7eff22293a9344f8e46f323ed2b3c243e52f89138d9bb0f4a"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
- "serde_core",
- "stacker",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_urlencoded"
 version = "0.7.1"
@@ -3574,65 +2063,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sha2"
-version = "0.10.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
- "digest",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
 version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "signal-hook"
-version = "0.3.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d881a16cf4426aa584979d30bd82cb33429027e42122b169753d6ef1085ed6e2"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "signal-hook-registry",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "signal-hook-registry"
-version = "1.4.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4db69cba1110affc0e9f7bcd48bbf87b3f4fc7c61fc9155afd4c469eb3d6c1b"
-dependencies = [
- "errno",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "simd-adler32"
 version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "703d5c7ef118737c72f1af64ad2f6f8c5e1921f818cdcb97b8fe6fc69bf66214"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "simd-json"
-version = "0.17.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4255126f310d2ba20048db6321c81ab376f6a6735608bf11f0785c41f01f64e3"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash 0.8.12",
- "halfbrown",
- "once_cell",
- "ref-cast",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "simdutf8",
- "value-trait",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "simdutf8"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -3651,15 +2093,6 @@ version = "0.4.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0c790de23124f9ab44544d7ac05d60440adc586479ce501c1d6d7da3cd8c9cf5"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "slotmap"
-version = "1.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bdd58c3c93c3d278ca835519292445cb4b0d4dc59ccfdf7ceadaab3f8aeb4038"
-dependencies = [
- "version_check",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
 version = "1.15.1"
@@ -3685,67 +2118,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sqlparser"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05a528114c392209b3264855ad491fcce534b94a38771b0a0b97a79379275ce8"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "stable_deref_trait"
 version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6ce2be8dc25455e1f91df71bfa12ad37d7af1092ae736f3a6cd0e37bc7810596"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "stacker"
-version = "0.1.23"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d74a23609d509411d10e2176dc2a4346e3b4aea2e7b1869f19fdedbc71c013"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "psm",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "static_assertions"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "streaming-decompression"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf6cc3b19bfb128a8ad11026086e31d3ce9ad23f8ea37354b31383a187c44cf3"
-dependencies = [
- "fallible-streaming-iterator",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "streaming-iterator"
 version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b2231b7c3057d5e4ad0156fb3dc807d900806020c5ffa3ee6ff2c8c76fb8520"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "strength_reduce"
-version = "0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe895eb47f22e2ddd4dabc02bce419d2e643c8e3b585c78158b349195bc24d82"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "strsim"
-version = "0.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
 version = "0.26.3"
@@ -3942,21 +2326,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "mio",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "socket2",
- "tokio-macros",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tokio-macros"
-version = "2.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "385a6cb71ab9ab790c5fe8d67f1645e6c450a7ce006a33de03daa956cf70a496"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.117",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-rustls"
 version = "0.26.4"
@@ -3967,19 +2339,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tokio-util"
-version = "0.7.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ae9cec805b01e8fc3fd2fe289f89149a9b66dd16786abd8b19cfa7b48cb0098"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "futures-core",
- "futures-sink",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "tokio",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
 version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
@@ -4062,21 +2421,9 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "63e71662fa4b2a2c3a26f570f037eb95bb1f85397f3cd8076caed2f026a6d100"
 dependencies = [
  "pin-project-lite",
- "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tracing-attributes"
-version = "0.1.31"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7490cfa5ec963746568740651ac6781f701c9c5ea257c58e057f3ba8cf69e8da"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.117",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-core"
 version = "0.1.36"
@@ -4102,9 +2449,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tree-sitter-ggsql"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d03a49b4deae040a0dd8d012866d703c628046de3f75d5c60a0dc7f996f1940"
+checksum = "3e945641c95bf67b620d111212f574d75f6fa1c5f2c8820c73663ca306cda9b8"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "tree-sitter",
@@ -4122,12 +2469,6 @@ version = "0.2.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e421abadd41a4225275504ea4d6566923418b7f05506fbc9c0fe86ba7396114b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "typenum"
-version = "1.20.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "uncased"
 version = "0.9.10"
@@ -4143,30 +2484,6 @@ version = "1.0.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-normalization"
-version = "0.1.25"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5fd4f6878c9cb28d874b009da9e8d183b5abc80117c40bbd187a1fde336be6e8"
-dependencies = [
- "tinyvec",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-reverse"
-version = "1.0.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b6f4888ebc23094adfb574fdca9fdc891826287a6397d2cd28802ffd6f20c76"
-dependencies = [
- "unicode-segmentation",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-segmentation"
-version = "1.13.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9629274872b2bfaf8d66f5f15725007f635594914870f65218920345aa11aa8c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
 version = "0.2.2"
@@ -4191,12 +2508,6 @@ version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unty"
-version = "0.0.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d49784317cd0d1ee7ec5c716dd598ec5b4483ea832a2dced265471cc0f690ae"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
 version = "2.5.8"
@@ -4215,12 +2526,6 @@ version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6c140620e7ffbb22c2dee59cafe6084a59b5ffc27a8859a5f0d494b5d52b6be"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "utf8parse"
-version = "0.2.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
 version = "1.23.1"
@@ -4229,22 +2534,9 @@ checksum = "ddd74a9687298c6858e9b88ec8935ec45d22e8fd5e6394fa1bd4e99a87789c76"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "js-sys",
- "serde_core",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "value-trait"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e80f0c733af0720a501b3905d22e2f97662d8eacfe082a75ed7ffb5ab08cb59"
-dependencies = [
- "float-cmp",
- "halfbrown",
- "itoa",
- "ryu",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "vcpkg"
 version = "0.2.15"
@@ -4257,22 +2549,6 @@ version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "virtue"
-version = "0.0.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "051eb1abcf10076295e815102942cc58f9d5e3b4560e46e53c21e8ff6f3af7b1"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "walkdir"
-version = "2.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29790946404f91d9c5d06f9874efddea1dc06c5efe94541a7d6863108e3a5e4b"
-dependencies = [
- "same-file",
- "winapi-util",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "want"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -4384,19 +2660,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmparser",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-streams"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15053d8d85c7eccdbefef60f06769760a563c7f0a9d6902a13d35c7800b0ad65"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-util",
- "js-sys",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "web-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.244.0"
@@ -4438,15 +2701,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-util"
-version = "0.1.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
 version = "0.62.2"
@@ -4515,15 +2769,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e38bc4d79ed67fd075bcc251a1c39b32a1776bbe92e5bef1f0bf1f8c531853b"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.60.2"
@@ -4799,12 +3044,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustix",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "xxhash-rust"
-version = "0.8.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fdd20c5420375476fbd4394763288da7eb0cc0b8c11deed431a91562af7335d3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke"
 version = "0.8.2"
@@ -4945,31 +3184,3 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "simd-adler32",
 ]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zstd"
-version = "0.13.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91ee311a569c327171651566e07972200e76fcfe2242a4fa446149a3881c08a"
-dependencies = [
- "zstd-safe",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zstd-safe"
-version = "7.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f49c4d5f0abb602a93fb8736af2a4f4dd9512e36f7f570d66e65ff867ed3b9d"
-dependencies = [
- "zstd-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zstd-sys"
-version = "2.0.16+zstd.1.5.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91e19ebc2adc8f83e43039e79776e3fda8ca919132d68a1fed6a5faca2683748"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "pkg-config",
-]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7ed0de0..7b1a0eb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ggsql-python"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["ggsql Team"]
 license = "MIT"
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
 pyo3 = { version = "0.26", features = ["extension-module", "abi3-py310"] }
-polars = { version = "0.52", default-features = false, features = ["ipc"] }
-ggsql = { version = "0.2.7", default-features = false, features = ["duckdb", "vegalite"] }
+arrow = { version = "56", default-features = false, features = ["ipc"] }
+ggsql = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["duckdb", "vegalite"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 46ea575..81782a5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ pip install target/wheels/ggsql-*.whl
 
 ### Simple Usage with `render_altair`
 
-For quick visualizations, use the `render_altair` convenience function:
+For quick visualizations, use the `render_altair` convenience function. It accepts any narwhals-compatible DataFrame (polars, pandas, pyarrow, etc.):
 
 ```python
 import ggsql
-import polars as pl
+import pyarrow as pa
 
-# Create a DataFrame
-df = pl.DataFrame({
+# Create a table
+table = pa.table({
     "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
     "y": [10, 20, 15, 30, 25],
     "category": ["A", "B", "A", "B", "A"]
 })
 
 # Render to Altair chart
-chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
 
 # Display or save
 chart.display()  # In Jupyter
@@ -71,18 +71,18 @@ For more control, use the two-stage API with explicit reader and writer:
 
 ```python
 import ggsql
-import polars as pl
+import pyarrow as pa
 
 # 1. Create a DuckDB reader
 reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
 
-# 2. Register your DataFrame as a table
-df = pl.DataFrame({
+# 2. Register your data as a table (accepts pyarrow, polars, pandas, etc.)
+table = pa.table({
     "date": ["2024-01-01", "2024-01-02", "2024-01-03"],
     "revenue": [100, 150, 120],
     "region": ["North", "South", "North"]
 })
-reader.register("sales", df)
+reader.register("sales", table)
 
 # 3. Execute the ggsql query
 spec = reader.execute(
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ print(f"Layers: {spec.layer_count()}")
 # 5. Inspect SQL/VISUALISE portions and data
 print(f"SQL: {spec.sql()}")
 print(f"Visual: {spec.visual()}")
-print(spec.layer_data(0))  # Returns polars DataFrame
+print(spec.layer_data(0))  # Returns pyarrow.Table
 
 # 6. Render to Vega-Lite JSON
 writer = ggsql.VegaLiteWriter()
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb:///path/to/file.db")  # File database
 
 **Methods:**
 
-- `register(name: str, df: polars.DataFrame, replace: bool = False)` - Register a DataFrame as a queryable table
+- `register(name: str, table, replace: bool = False)` - Register data as a queryable table (accepts `pyarrow.Table`, `polars.DataFrame`, `pandas.DataFrame`, etc.)
 - `unregister(name: str)` - Unregister a previously registered table
-- `execute_sql(sql: str) -> polars.DataFrame` - Execute SQL and return results
+- `execute_sql(sql: str) -> pyarrow.Table` - Execute SQL and return results
 
 #### `VegaLiteWriter()`
 
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ Result of `reader.execute()`, containing resolved visualization ready for render
 - `sql() -> str` - The executed SQL query
 - `visual() -> str` - The VISUALISE clause
 - `layer_count() -> int` - Number of DRAW layers
-- `data() -> polars.DataFrame | None` - Main query result DataFrame
-- `layer_data(index: int) -> polars.DataFrame | None` - Layer-specific data (if filtered)
-- `stat_data(index: int) -> polars.DataFrame | None` - Statistical transform data
+- `data() -> pyarrow.Table | None` - Main query result data
+- `layer_data(index: int) -> pyarrow.Table | None` - Layer-specific data (if filtered)
+- `stat_data(index: int) -> pyarrow.Table | None` - Statistical transform data
 - `layer_sql(index: int) -> str | None` - Layer filter SQL
 - `stat_sql(index: int) -> str | None` - Stat transform SQL
 - `warnings() -> list[dict]` - Validation warnings from execution
@@ -205,11 +205,11 @@ Convenience function to render a DataFrame with a VISUALISE spec to an Altair ch
 **Returns:** An Altair chart object (Chart, LayerChart, FacetChart, etc.)
 
 ```python
-import polars as pl
+import pyarrow as pa
 import ggsql
 
-df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
 ```
 
 ## Examples
@@ -217,28 +217,31 @@ chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
 ### Mapping Styles
 
 ```python
-df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30], "category": ["A", "B", "A"]})
+import pyarrow as pa
+
+table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30], "category": ["A", "B", "A"]})
 
 # Explicit mapping
-ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x AS x, y AS y DRAW point")
+ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x AS x, y AS y DRAW point")
 
 # Implicit mapping (column name = aesthetic name)
-ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
 
 # Wildcard mapping (map all matching columns)
-ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE * DRAW point")
+ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE * DRAW point")
 
 # With color encoding
-ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y, category AS color DRAW point")
+ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y, category AS color DRAW point")
 ```
 
 ### Custom Readers
 
-You can use any Python object with an `execute_sql(sql: str) -> polars.DataFrame` method as a reader. This enables integration with any data source.
+You can use any Python object with an `execute_sql(sql: str)` method as a reader. The method should return a `pyarrow.Table` (or any type that `pyarrow.table()` can convert, such as a `polars.DataFrame`).
 
 ```python
 import ggsql
-import polars as pl
+import pyarrow as pa
+import pyarrow.csv
 
 class CSVReader:
     """Custom reader that loads data from CSV files."""
@@ -246,10 +249,10 @@ class CSVReader:
     def __init__(self, data_dir: str):
         self.data_dir = data_dir
 
-    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
         # Simple implementation: ignore SQL and return fixed data
         # A real implementation would parse SQL to determine which file to load
-        return pl.read_csv(f"{self.data_dir}/data.csv")
+        return pyarrow.csv.read_csv(f"{self.data_dir}/data.csv")
 
 # Use custom reader with ggsql.execute()
 reader = CSVReader("/path/to/data")
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ json_output = writer.render(spec)
 
 **Additional methods** for custom readers:
 
-- `register(name: str, df: polars.DataFrame, replace: bool = False) -> None` - Register a DataFrame as a queryable table (required)
+- `register(name: str, table, replace: bool = False) -> None` - Register data as a queryable table (required). Receives a `pyarrow.Table`.
 - `unregister(name: str) -> None` - Unregister a previously registered table (optional)
 
 ```python
@@ -273,12 +276,12 @@ class AdvancedReader:
     def __init__(self):
         self.tables = {}
 
-    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
         # Your SQL execution logic here
         ...
 
-    def register(self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, replace: bool = False) -> None:
-        self.tables[name] = df
+    def register(self, name: str, table: pa.Table, replace: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.tables[name] = table
 
     def unregister(self, name: str) -> None:
         del self.tables[name]
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@ Native readers like `DuckDBReader` use an optimized fast path, while custom Pyth
 
 ```python
 import ggsql
-import polars as pl
+import pyarrow as pa
 import ibis
 
 class IbisReader:
@@ -305,22 +308,22 @@ class IbisReader:
             self.con = ibis.sqlite.connect()
         # Add other backends as needed
 
-    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
-        return self.con.con.execute(sql).pl()
+    def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
+        return self.con.con.execute(sql).arrow()
 
-    def register(self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, replace: bool = False) -> None:
-        self.con.create_table(name, df.to_arrow(), overwrite=replace)
+    def register(self, name: str, table: pa.Table, replace: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.con.create_table(name, table, overwrite=replace)
 
     def unregister(self, name: str) -> None:
         self.con.drop_table(name)
 
 # Usage
 reader = IbisReader()
-df = pl.DataFrame({
+table = pa.table({
     "date": ["2024-01-01", "2024-01-02", "2024-01-03"],
     "revenue": [100, 150, 120],
 })
-reader.register("sales", df)
+reader.register("sales", table)
 
 spec = ggsql.execute(
     "SELECT * FROM sales VISUALISE date AS x, revenue AS y DRAW line",
@@ -356,7 +359,7 @@ pytest tests/ -v
 - Python >= 3.10
 - altair >= 5.0
 - narwhals >= 2.15
-- polars >= 1.0
+- pyarrow >= 14.0
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/build.rs b/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24e18c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    // DuckDB 1.4+ uses the Windows Restart Manager API, which lives in rstrtmgr.lib.
+    // Without this, linking fails with unresolved symbols for RmStartSession, etc.
+    if std::env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").as_deref() == Ok("windows") {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=rstrtmgr");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 806d993..959323f 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "maturin"
 
 [project]
 name = "ggsql"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.3.0"
 description = "SQL extension for declarative data visualization"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
     "altair>=5.0",
     "narwhals>=2.15.0",
-    "polars>=1.0",
+    "pyarrow>=14.0",
 ]
 
 [project.urls]
diff --git a/python/ggsql/__init__.py b/python/ggsql/__init__.py
index 359e43c..dc34eda 100644
--- a/python/ggsql/__init__.py
+++ b/python/ggsql/__init__.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     "execute",
     "render_altair",
 ]
-__version__ = "0.2.7"
+__version__ = "0.3.0"
 
 # Type alias for any Altair chart type
 AltairChart = Union[
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ def render_altair(
     if not isinstance(df, nw.DataFrame):
         raise TypeError("df must be a narwhals DataFrame or compatible type")
 
-    pl_df = df.to_polars()
+    arrow_table = df.to_arrow()
 
     # Create temporary reader and register data
     reader = DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-    reader.register("__data__", pl_df)
+    reader.register("__data__", arrow_table)
 
     # Build full query: SELECT * FROM __data__ + VISUALISE clause
     query = f"SELECT * FROM __data__ {viz}"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 6e5c543..822c2d3 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,77 +6,113 @@ use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use pyo3::types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PyList};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
+use arrow::ipc::reader::StreamReader;
+use arrow::ipc::writer::StreamWriter;
+
+use ggsql::dataframe::DataFrame;
 use ggsql::reader::Spec;
 use ggsql::reader::{DuckDBReader as RustDuckDBReader, Reader};
 use ggsql::validate::{validate as rust_validate, ValidationWarning};
 use ggsql::writer::{VegaLiteWriter as RustVegaLiteWriter, Writer as RustWriter};
 use ggsql::GgsqlError;
 
-use polars::prelude::{DataFrame, IpcReader, IpcWriter, SerReader, SerWriter};
-
 // ============================================================================
 // Helper Functions for DataFrame Conversion
 // ============================================================================
 
-/// Convert a Polars DataFrame to a Python polars DataFrame via IPC serialization
-fn polars_to_py(py: Python<'_>, df: &DataFrame) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
+/// Convert a ggsql DataFrame to a Python pyarrow Table via Arrow IPC serialization
+fn df_to_py(py: Python<'_>, df: &DataFrame) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
+    let rb = df.inner();
     let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-    IpcWriter::new(&mut buffer)
-        .finish(&mut df.clone())
-        .map_err(|e| {
+    {
+        let mut writer = StreamWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, &rb.schema()).map_err(|e| {
+            PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!(
+                "Failed to create IPC writer: {}",
+                e
+            ))
+        })?;
+        writer.write(rb).map_err(|e| {
+            PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!(
+                "Failed to write RecordBatch: {}",
+                e
+            ))
+        })?;
+        writer.finish().map_err(|e| {
             PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!(
-                "Failed to serialize DataFrame: {}",
+                "Failed to finish IPC stream: {}",
                 e
             ))
         })?;
+    }
 
+    let pa = py.import("pyarrow")?;
+    let ipc_mod = pa.getattr("ipc")?;
     let io = py.import("io")?;
     let bytes_io = io.call_method1("BytesIO", (PyBytes::new(py, &buffer),))?;
-
-    let polars = py.import("polars")?;
-    polars
-        .call_method1("read_ipc", (bytes_io,))
-        .map(|obj| obj.into())
+    let reader = ipc_mod.call_method1("open_stream", (&bytes_io,))?;
+    let table = reader.call_method0("read_all")?;
+    Ok(table.into())
 }
 
-/// Convert a Python polars DataFrame to a Rust Polars DataFrame via IPC serialization
-fn py_to_polars(py: Python<'_>, df: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<DataFrame> {
+/// Convert a Python pyarrow Table to a ggsql DataFrame via Arrow IPC serialization
+fn py_to_df(py: Python<'_>, obj: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<DataFrame> {
+    let pa = py.import("pyarrow")?;
+    let table = if obj.is_instance(&pa.getattr("Table")?)? {
+        obj.clone()
+    } else {
+        pa.call_method1("table", (obj,)).map_err(|e| {
+            let type_name = obj
+                .get_type()
+                .name()
+                .map(|n| n.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "<unknown>".to_string());
+            PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyTypeError, _>(format!(
+                "Expected a pyarrow.Table or compatible type, got {}: {}",
+                type_name, e
+            ))
+        })?
+    };
+
+    let ipc_mod = pa.getattr("ipc")?;
     let io = py.import("io")?;
-    let bytes_io = io.call_method0("BytesIO")?;
-    df.call_method1("write_ipc", (&bytes_io,))?;
-    bytes_io.call_method1("seek", (0i64,))?;
+    let sink = io.call_method0("BytesIO")?;
+    let writer = ipc_mod.call_method1("new_stream", (&sink, table.getattr("schema")?))?;
+    writer.call_method1("write_table", (&table,))?;
+    writer.call_method0("close")?;
+    sink.call_method1("seek", (0i64,))?;
+    let ipc_bytes: Vec<u8> = sink.call_method0("read")?.extract()?;
 
-    let ipc_bytes: Vec<u8> = bytes_io.call_method0("read")?.extract()?;
     let cursor = Cursor::new(ipc_bytes);
+    let reader = StreamReader::try_new(cursor, None).map_err(|e| {
+        PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!("Failed to read IPC stream: {}", e))
+    })?;
 
-    IpcReader::new(cursor).finish().map_err(|e| {
-        PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!("Failed to read DataFrame: {}", e))
-    })
-}
+    let batches: Vec<_> = reader
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!(
+                "Failed to read RecordBatch: {}",
+                e
+            ))
+        })?;
 
-/// Convert a Python polars DataFrame to Rust DataFrame - for use inside Python::attach
-/// This variant is used by PyReaderBridge where we already hold the GIL.
-fn py_to_polars_inner(df: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<DataFrame> {
-    let py = df.py();
-    let io = py.import("io")?;
-    let bytes_io = io.call_method0("BytesIO")?;
+    if batches.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(DataFrame::empty());
+    }
 
-    df.call_method1("write_ipc", (&bytes_io,)).map_err(|_| {
-        PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyTypeError, _>(
-            "Reader.execute_sql() must return a polars.DataFrame",
-        )
+    let combined = arrow::compute::concat_batches(&batches[0].schema(), &batches).map_err(|e| {
+        PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!("Failed to concat batches: {}", e))
     })?;
 
-    bytes_io.call_method1("seek", (0i64,))?;
-    let ipc_bytes: Vec<u8> = bytes_io.call_method0("read")?.extract()?;
-    let cursor = Cursor::new(ipc_bytes);
+    Ok(DataFrame::from_record_batch(combined))
+}
 
-    IpcReader::new(cursor).finish().map_err(|e| {
-        PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(format!(
-            "Failed to deserialize DataFrame: {}",
-            e
-        ))
-    })
+/// Convert a Python object to a ggsql DataFrame - for use inside Python::attach
+/// This variant is used by PyReaderBridge where we already hold the GIL.
+fn py_to_df_inner(obj: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<DataFrame> {
+    let py = obj.py();
+    py_to_df(py, obj)
 }
 
 /// Convert validation errors/warnings to a Python list of dicts
@@ -121,7 +157,7 @@ fn warnings_to_pylist(py: Python<'_>, warnings: &[ValidationWarning]) -> PyResul
 
 /// Bridges a Python reader object to the Rust Reader trait.
 ///
-/// This allows any Python object with an `execute_sql(sql: str) -> polars.DataFrame`
+/// This allows any Python object with an `execute_sql(sql: str) -> pyarrow.Table`
 /// method to be used as a ggsql reader.
 struct PyReaderBridge {
     obj: Py<PyAny>,
@@ -136,17 +172,16 @@ impl Reader for PyReaderBridge {
             let result = bound.call_method1("execute_sql", (sql,)).map_err(|e| {
                 GgsqlError::ReaderError(format!("Reader.execute_sql() failed: {}", e))
             })?;
-            py_to_polars_inner(&result).map_err(|e| GgsqlError::ReaderError(e.to_string()))
+            py_to_df_inner(&result).map_err(|e| GgsqlError::ReaderError(e.to_string()))
         })
     }
 
     fn register(&self, name: &str, df: DataFrame, replace: bool) -> ggsql::Result<()> {
         Python::attach(|py| {
-            let py_df =
-                polars_to_py(py, &df).map_err(|e| GgsqlError::ReaderError(e.to_string()))?;
+            let py_table = df_to_py(py, &df).map_err(|e| GgsqlError::ReaderError(e.to_string()))?;
             self.obj
                 .bind(py)
-                .call_method1("register", (name, py_df, replace))
+                .call_method1("register", (name, py_table, replace))
                 .map_err(|e| GgsqlError::ReaderError(format!("Reader.register() failed: {}", e)))?;
             Ok(())
         })
@@ -203,11 +238,11 @@ macro_rules! try_native_readers {
 /// Examples
 /// --------
 /// >>> reader = DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-/// >>> df = reader.execute_sql("SELECT 1 as x, 2 as y")
+/// >>> table = reader.execute_sql("SELECT 1 as x, 2 as y")
 ///
 /// >>> reader = DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-/// >>> reader.register("data", pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3]}))
-/// >>> df = reader.execute_sql("SELECT * FROM data WHERE x > 1")
+/// >>> reader.register("data", pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3]}))
+/// >>> table = reader.execute_sql("SELECT * FROM data WHERE x > 1")
 #[pyclass(name = "DuckDBReader", unsendable)]
 struct PyDuckDBReader {
     inner: RustDuckDBReader,
@@ -239,32 +274,32 @@ impl PyDuckDBReader {
         Ok(Self { inner })
     }
 
-    /// Register a DataFrame as a queryable table.
+    /// Register a pyarrow Table as a queryable table.
     ///
-    /// After registration, the DataFrame can be queried by name in SQL.
+    /// After registration, the table can be queried by name in SQL.
     ///
     /// Parameters
     /// ----------
     /// name : str
     ///     The table name to register under.
-    /// df : polars.DataFrame
-    ///     The DataFrame to register. Must be a polars DataFrame.
+    /// table : pyarrow.Table
+    ///     The Arrow table to register.
     ///
     /// Raises
     /// ------
     /// ValueError
     ///     If registration fails or the table name is invalid.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (name, df, replace=false))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (name, table, replace=false))]
     fn register(
         &self,
         py: Python<'_>,
         name: &str,
-        df: &Bound<'_, PyAny>,
+        table: &Bound<'_, PyAny>,
         replace: bool,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let rust_df = py_to_polars(py, df)?;
+        let df = py_to_df(py, table)?;
         self.inner
-            .register(name, rust_df, replace)
+            .register(name, df, replace)
             .map_err(|e| PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(e.to_string()))
     }
 
@@ -285,7 +320,7 @@ impl PyDuckDBReader {
             .map_err(|e| PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(e.to_string()))
     }
 
-    /// Execute a SQL query and return the result as a DataFrame.
+    /// Execute a SQL query and return the result as a pyarrow Table.
     ///
     /// Parameters
     /// ----------
@@ -294,8 +329,8 @@ impl PyDuckDBReader {
     ///
     /// Returns
     /// -------
-    /// polars.DataFrame
-    ///     The query result as a polars DataFrame.
+    /// pyarrow.Table
+    ///     The query result as a pyarrow Table.
     ///
     /// Raises
     /// ------
@@ -306,7 +341,7 @@ impl PyDuckDBReader {
             .inner
             .execute_sql(sql)
             .map_err(|e| PyErr::new::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError, _>(e.to_string()))?;
-        polars_to_py(py, &df)
+        df_to_py(py, &df)
     }
 
     /// Execute a ggsql query and return the visualization specification.
@@ -559,12 +594,12 @@ impl PySpec {
     ///
     /// Returns
     /// -------
-    /// polars.DataFrame | None
-    ///     The main query result DataFrame, or None if not available.
+    /// pyarrow.Table | None
+    ///     The main query result as a pyarrow Table, or None if not available.
     fn data(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Option<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.inner
             .layer_data(0)
-            .map(|df| polars_to_py(py, df))
+            .map(|df| df_to_py(py, df))
             .transpose()
     }
 
@@ -577,12 +612,12 @@ impl PySpec {
     ///
     /// Returns
     /// -------
-    /// polars.DataFrame | None
-    ///     The layer-specific DataFrame, or None if the layer uses global data.
+    /// pyarrow.Table | None
+    ///     The layer-specific data as a pyarrow Table, or None if the layer uses global data.
     fn layer_data(&self, py: Python<'_>, index: usize) -> PyResult<Option<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.inner
             .layer_data(index)
-            .map(|df| polars_to_py(py, df))
+            .map(|df| df_to_py(py, df))
             .transpose()
     }
 
@@ -595,12 +630,12 @@ impl PySpec {
     ///
     /// Returns
     /// -------
-    /// polars.DataFrame | None
-    ///     The stat transform DataFrame, or None if no stat transform.
+    /// pyarrow.Table | None
+    ///     The stat transform data as a pyarrow Table, or None if no stat transform.
     fn stat_data(&self, py: Python<'_>, index: usize) -> PyResult<Option<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.inner
             .stat_data(index)
-            .map(|df| polars_to_py(py, df))
+            .map(|df| df_to_py(py, df))
             .transpose()
     }
 
@@ -710,7 +745,7 @@ fn validate(query: &str) -> PyResult<PyValidated> {
 /// reader : Reader | object
 ///     The database reader to execute SQL against. Can be a native Reader
 ///     for optimal performance, or any Python object with an
-///     `execute_sql(sql: str) -> polars.DataFrame` method.
+///     `execute_sql(sql: str) -> pyarrow.Table` method.
 ///
 /// Returns
 /// -------
@@ -732,8 +767,8 @@ fn validate(query: &str) -> PyResult<PyValidated> {
 ///
 /// >>> # Using custom Python reader
 /// >>> class MyReader:
-/// ...     def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
-/// ...         return pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+/// ...     def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
+/// ...         return pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
 /// >>> reader = MyReader()
 /// >>> spec = execute("SELECT * FROM data VISUALISE x, y DRAW point", reader)
 #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/tests/test_ggsql.py b/tests/test_ggsql.py
index fbe4b13..540abd5 100644
--- a/tests/test_ggsql.py
+++ b/tests/test_ggsql.py
@@ -11,13 +11,20 @@
 import json
 
 import duckdb
+import pyarrow as pa
 import pytest
-import polars as pl
 import altair
 
 import ggsql
 
-# Optional dependency for ibis test
+# Optional dependencies
+try:
+    import polars as pl
+
+    HAS_POLARS = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_POLARS = False
+
 try:
     import ibis
 
@@ -71,18 +78,29 @@ def test_create_in_memory(self):
 
     def test_execute_simple_query(self):
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-        df = reader.execute_sql("SELECT 1 AS x, 2 AS y")
-        assert isinstance(df, pl.DataFrame)
-        assert df.shape == (1, 2)
-        assert list(df.columns) == ["x", "y"]
+        table = reader.execute_sql("SELECT 1 AS x, 2 AS y")
+        assert isinstance(table, pa.Table)
+        assert table.shape == (1, 2)
+        assert table.column_names == ["x", "y"]
 
     def test_register_and_query(self):
+        reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        reader.register("my_data", table)
+
+        result = reader.execute_sql("SELECT * FROM my_data WHERE x > 1")
+        assert isinstance(result, pa.Table)
+        assert result.shape == (2, 2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_POLARS, reason="polars not installed")
+    def test_register_polars_dataframe(self):
+        """register() accepts polars DataFrames via automatic conversion."""
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
         df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
         reader.register("my_data", df)
 
         result = reader.execute_sql("SELECT * FROM my_data WHERE x > 1")
-        assert isinstance(result, pl.DataFrame)
+        assert isinstance(result, pa.Table)
         assert result.shape == (2, 2)
 
     def test_invalid_connection_string(self):
@@ -109,8 +127,8 @@ def test_execute_simple_query(self):
 
     def test_execute_with_registered_data(self):
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        reader.register("data", df)
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        reader.register("data", table)
 
         spec = reader.execute("SELECT * FROM data VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         assert spec.metadata()["rows"] == 3
@@ -142,7 +160,7 @@ def test_execute_data_accessor(self):
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
         spec = reader.execute("SELECT 1 AS x, 2 AS y VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         data = spec.data()
-        assert isinstance(data, pl.DataFrame)
+        assert isinstance(data, pa.Table)
         assert data.shape == (1, 2)
 
     def test_execute_without_visualise_fails(self):
@@ -168,8 +186,8 @@ def test_render_to_vegalite(self):
 
     def test_render_contains_data(self):
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        reader.register("data", df)
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        reader.register("data", table)
 
         spec = reader.execute("SELECT * FROM data VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         writer = ggsql.VegaLiteWriter()
@@ -197,11 +215,18 @@ def test_render_multi_layer(self):
 class TestRenderAltairDataFrameConversion:
     """Tests for DataFrame handling in render_altair()."""
 
+    def test_accepts_pyarrow_table(self):
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        assert isinstance(chart, altair.TopLevelMixin)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_POLARS, reason="polars not installed")
     def test_accepts_polars_dataframe(self):
         df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
         chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.TopLevelMixin)
 
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_POLARS, reason="polars not installed")
     def test_accepts_polars_lazyframe(self):
         lf = pl.LazyFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
         chart = ggsql.render_altair(lf, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
@@ -210,8 +235,8 @@ def test_accepts_polars_lazyframe(self):
     def test_accepts_narwhals_dataframe(self):
         import narwhals as nw
 
-        pl_df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        nw_df = nw.from_native(pl_df)
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        nw_df = nw.from_native(table)
 
         chart = ggsql.render_altair(nw_df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.TopLevelMixin)
@@ -232,20 +257,20 @@ class TestRenderAltairReturnType:
     """Tests for render_altair() return type."""
 
     def test_returns_altair_chart(self):
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.TopLevelMixin)
 
     def test_chart_has_data(self):
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         spec = chart.to_dict()
         # Data should be embedded in datasets
         assert "datasets" in spec
 
     def test_chart_can_be_serialized(self):
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         # Should not raise
         json_str = chart.to_json()
         assert len(json_str) > 0
@@ -256,15 +281,15 @@ class TestRenderAltairChartTypeDetection:
 
     def test_simple_chart_returns_layer_chart(self):
         """Simple DRAW specs produce LayerChart (ggsql always wraps in layer)."""
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
         # ggsql wraps all charts in a layer
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.LayerChart)
 
     def test_layered_chart_can_round_trip(self):
         """LayerChart can be converted to dict and back."""
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(table, "VISUALISE x, y DRAW point")
 
         # Convert to dict and back
         spec = chart.to_dict()
@@ -276,7 +301,7 @@ def test_layered_chart_can_round_trip(self):
 
     def test_faceted_chart_returns_facet_chart(self):
         """FACET specs produce FacetChart."""
-        df = pl.DataFrame(
+        table = pa.table(
             {
                 "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
                 "y": [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60],
@@ -285,13 +310,13 @@ def test_faceted_chart_returns_facet_chart(self):
         )
         # Need validate=False because ggsql produces v6 specs
         chart = ggsql.render_altair(
-            df, "VISUALISE x, y FACET group DRAW point", validate=False
+            table, "VISUALISE x, y FACET group DRAW point", validate=False
         )
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.FacetChart)
 
     def test_faceted_chart_can_round_trip(self):
         """FacetChart can be converted to dict and back."""
-        df = pl.DataFrame(
+        table = pa.table(
             {
                 "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
                 "y": [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60],
@@ -299,7 +324,7 @@ def test_faceted_chart_can_round_trip(self):
             }
         )
         chart = ggsql.render_altair(
-            df, "VISUALISE x, y FACET group DRAW point", validate=False
+            table, "VISUALISE x, y FACET group DRAW point", validate=False
         )
 
         # Convert to dict (skip validation for ggsql specs)
@@ -312,14 +337,16 @@ def test_faceted_chart_can_round_trip(self):
 
     def test_chart_with_color_encoding(self):
         """Charts with color encoding still return correct type."""
-        df = pl.DataFrame(
+        table = pa.table(
             {
                 "x": [1, 2, 3, 4],
                 "y": [10, 20, 30, 40],
                 "category": ["A", "B", "A", "B"],
             }
         )
-        chart = ggsql.render_altair(df, "VISUALISE x, y, category AS color DRAW point")
+        chart = ggsql.render_altair(
+            table, "VISUALISE x, y, category AS color DRAW point"
+        )
         # Should still be a LayerChart (ggsql wraps in layer)
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.LayerChart)
 
@@ -328,9 +355,9 @@ class TestRenderAltairErrorHandling:
     """Tests for error handling in render_altair()."""
 
     def test_invalid_viz_raises(self):
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            ggsql.render_altair(df, "NOT VALID SYNTAX")
+            ggsql.render_altair(table, "NOT VALID SYNTAX")
 
 
 class TestTwoStageAPIIntegration:
@@ -342,14 +369,14 @@ def test_end_to_end_workflow(self):
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
 
         # Register data
-        df = pl.DataFrame(
+        table = pa.table(
             {
                 "date": ["2024-01-01", "2024-01-02", "2024-01-03"],
                 "value": [10, 20, 30],
                 "region": ["North", "South", "North"],
             }
         )
-        reader.register("sales", df)
+        reader.register("sales", table)
 
         # Execute visualization
         spec = reader.execute(
@@ -399,11 +426,11 @@ class RegisterReader:
             def __init__(self):
                 self.conn = duckdb.connect()
 
-            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
-                return self.conn.execute(sql).pl()
+            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
+                return self.conn.execute(sql).arrow()
 
-            def register(self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, _replace: bool) -> None:
-                self.conn.register(name, df)
+            def register(self, name: str, table: pa.Table, _replace: bool) -> None:
+                self.conn.register(name, table)
 
         reader = RegisterReader()
         spec = ggsql.execute("SELECT 1 AS x, 2 AS y VISUALISE x, y DRAW point", reader)
@@ -413,7 +440,7 @@ def test_custom_reader_error_handling(self):
         """Custom reader errors are propagated."""
 
         class ErrorReader:
-            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
                 raise ValueError("Custom reader error")
 
         reader = ErrorReader()
@@ -425,7 +452,7 @@ def test_custom_reader_wrong_return_type(self):
 
         class WrongTypeReader:
             def execute_sql(self, sql: str):
-                return {"x": [1, 2, 3]}  # dict, not DataFrame
+                return {"x": [1, 2, 3]}  # dict, not Table
 
         reader = WrongTypeReader()
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
@@ -450,11 +477,11 @@ def __init__(self):
                     ") AS t(x, y, category)"
                 )
 
-            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
-                return self.conn.execute(sql).pl()
+            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
+                return self.conn.execute(sql).arrow()
 
-            def register(self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, _replace: bool) -> None:
-                self.conn.register(name, df)
+            def register(self, name: str, table: pa.Table, _replace: bool) -> None:
+                self.conn.register(name, table)
 
         reader = DuckDBBackedReader()
         spec = ggsql.execute(
@@ -480,12 +507,12 @@ def __init__(self):
                 )
                 self.execute_calls = []
 
-            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
                 self.execute_calls.append(sql)
-                return self.conn.execute(sql).pl()
+                return self.conn.execute(sql).arrow()
 
-            def register(self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, _replace: bool) -> None:
-                self.conn.register(name, df)
+            def register(self, name: str, table: pa.Table, _replace: bool) -> None:
+                self.conn.register(name, table)
 
         reader = RecordingReader()
         ggsql.execute(
@@ -506,20 +533,20 @@ class IbisReader:
             def __init__(self):
                 self.con = ibis.duckdb.connect()
 
-            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
-                return self.con.con.execute(sql).pl()
+            def execute_sql(self, sql: str) -> pa.Table:
+                return self.con.con.execute(sql).arrow()
 
             def register(
-                self, name: str, df: pl.DataFrame, replace: bool = True
+                self, name: str, table: pa.Table, replace: bool = True
             ) -> None:
-                self.con.create_table(name, df.to_arrow(), overwrite=replace)
+                self.con.create_table(name, table, overwrite=replace)
 
             def unregister(self, name: str) -> None:
                 self.con.drop_table(name)
 
         reader = IbisReader()
-        df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
-        reader.register("mydata", df)
+        table = pa.table({"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": [10, 20, 30]})
+        reader.register("mydata", table)
 
         spec = ggsql.execute(
             "SELECT * FROM mydata VISUALISE x, y DRAW point",
@@ -554,18 +581,17 @@ def test_render_chart_layer(self):
     def test_render_chart_facet(self):
         """render_chart() returns FacetChart for faceted specs."""
         reader = ggsql.DuckDBReader("duckdb://memory")
-        df = pl.DataFrame(
+        table = pa.table(
             {
                 "x": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
                 "y": [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60],
                 "group": ["A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B"],
             }
         )
-        reader.register("data", df)
+        reader.register("data", table)
         spec = reader.execute(
             "SELECT * FROM data VISUALISE x, y FACET group DRAW point"
         )
         writer = ggsql.VegaLiteWriter()
         chart = writer.render_chart(spec, validate=False)
         assert isinstance(chart, altair.FacetChart)
-
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index d8b4a61..36acaf4 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "altair" },
     { name = "narwhals" },
-    { name = "polars" },
+    { name = "pyarrow" },
 ]
 
 [package.optional-dependencies]
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "duckdb", marker = "extra == 'test'", specifier = ">=1.0" },
     { name = "maturin", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=1.4" },
     { name = "narwhals", specifier = ">=2.15.0" },
-    { name = "polars", specifier = ">=1.0" },
+    { name = "pyarrow", specifier = ">=14.0" },
     { name = "pyarrow", marker = "extra == 'test'", specifier = ">=14.0" },
     { name = "pytest", marker = "extra == 'test'", specifier = ">=7.0" },
 ]
@@ -1467,34 +1467,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/54/20/4d324d65cc6d9205fabedc306948156824eb9f0ee1633355a8f7ec5c66bf/pluggy-1.6.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e920276dd6813095e9377c0bc5566d94c932c33b27a3e3945d8389c374dd4746", size = 20538, upload-time = "2025-05-15T12:30:06.134Z" },
 ]
 
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-name = "polars"
-version = "1.38.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "polars-runtime-32" },
-]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c6/5e/208a24471a433bcd0e9a6889ac49025fd4daad2815c8220c5bd2576e5f1b/polars-1.38.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:803a2be5344ef880ad625addfb8f641995cfd777413b08a10de0897345778239", size = 717667, upload-time = "2026-02-06T18:13:23.013Z" }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0a/49/737c1a6273c585719858261753da0b688454d1b634438ccba8a9c4eb5aab/polars-1.38.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a29479c48fed4984d88b656486d221f638cba45d3e961631a50ee5fdde38cb2c", size = 810368, upload-time = "2026-02-06T18:11:55.819Z" },
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "polars-runtime-32"
-version = "1.38.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/07/4b/04d6b3fb7cf336fbe12fbc4b43f36d1783e11bb0f2b1e3980ec44878df06/polars_runtime_32-1.38.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:04f20ed1f5c58771f34296a27029dc755a9e4b1390caeaef8f317e06fdfce2ec", size = 2812631, upload-time = "2026-02-06T18:13:25.206Z" }
-wheels = [
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-
 [[package]]
 name = "prometheus-client"
 version = "0.25.0"