diff --git a/src/drivers/db0.ts b/src/drivers/db0.ts
index ec1f0717..dea09141 100644
--- a/src/drivers/db0.ts
+++ b/src/drivers/db0.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ const DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME = "unstorage";
 const kExperimentalWarning = "__unstorage_db0_experimental_warning__";
 
 const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (opts) => {
-  opts.tableName = opts.tableName || DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME;
+  const tableName = opts.tableName || DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME;
 
   let setupPromise: Promise<void> | undefined;
   let setupDone = false;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (o
         );
         (globalThis as any)[kExperimentalWarning] = true;
       }
-      setupPromise = setupTable(opts).then(() => {
+      setupPromise = setupTable(opts.database, tableName).then(() => {
         setupDone = true;
         setupPromise = undefined;
       });
@@ -52,43 +52,43 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (o
 
   return {
     name: DRIVER_NAME,
-    options: opts,
+    options: { ...opts, tableName },
     getInstance: () => opts.database,
     async hasItem(key) {
       await ensureTable();
       const { rows } = isMysql
         ? await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}) AS \`value\``
+          /* sql */ `SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}) AS \`value\``
         : await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}) AS value`;
+          /* sql */ `SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}) AS value`;
       return rows?.[0]?.value == "1";
     },
     getItem: async (key) => {
       await ensureTable();
       const { rows } = isMysql
         ? await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT value FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
+          /* sql */ `SELECT value FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
         : await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT value FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
+          /* sql */ `SELECT value FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
       return rows?.[0]?.value ?? null;
     },
     getItemRaw: async (key) => {
       await ensureTable();
       const { rows } = isMysql
         ? await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT \`blob\` as value FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
+          /* sql */ `SELECT \`blob\` as value FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
         : await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT blob as value FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
+          /* sql */ `SELECT blob as value FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
       return rows?.[0]?.value ?? null;
     },
     setItem: async (key, value) => {
       await ensureTable();
       if (isMysql) {
         await opts.database.sql
-        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${opts.tableName}} (\`key\`, \`value\`, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE value = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
+        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${tableName}} (\`key\`, \`value\`, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE value = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
       } else {
         await opts.database.sql
-        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${opts.tableName}} (key, value, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET value = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
+        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${tableName}} (key, value, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET value = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
       }
     },
     async setItemRaw(key, value) {
@@ -96,27 +96,27 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (o
       if (isMysql) {
         const blob = Buffer.from(value) as any;
         await opts.database.sql
-        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${opts.tableName}} (\`key\`, \`blob\`, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${blob}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE \`blob\` = ${blob}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
+        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${tableName}} (\`key\`, \`blob\`, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${blob}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE \`blob\` = ${blob}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
       } else {
         await opts.database.sql
-        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${opts.tableName}} (key, blob, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET blob = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
+        /* sql */ `INSERT INTO {${tableName}} (key, blob, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (${key}, ${value}, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET blob = ${value}, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`;
       }
     },
     removeItem: async (key) => {
       await ensureTable();
       if (isMysql) {
-        await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\`=${key}`;
+        await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\`=${key}`;
       } else {
-        await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key=${key}`;
+        await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key=${key}`;
       }
     },
     getMeta: async (key) => {
       await ensureTable();
       const { rows } = isMysql
         ? await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT created_at, updated_at FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
+          /* sql */ `SELECT created_at, updated_at FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\` = ${key}`
         : await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT created_at, updated_at FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
+          /* sql */ `SELECT created_at, updated_at FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key = ${key}`;
 
       return {
         birthtime: toDate(rows?.[0]?.created_at),
@@ -127,15 +127,15 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (o
       await ensureTable();
       const { rows } = isMysql
         ? await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT \`key\` FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE \`key\` LIKE ${base + "%"}`
+          /* sql */ `SELECT \`key\` FROM {${tableName}} WHERE \`key\` LIKE ${base + "%"}`
         : await opts.database.sql<ResultSchema>
-          /* sql */ `SELECT key FROM {${opts.tableName}} WHERE key LIKE ${base + "%"}`;
+          /* sql */ `SELECT key FROM {${tableName}} WHERE key LIKE ${base + "%"}`;
 
       return rows?.map((r) => r.key);
     },
     clear: async () => {
       await ensureTable();
-      await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${opts.tableName}}`;
+      await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `DELETE FROM {${tableName}}`;
     },
     dispose: async () => {
       await opts.database.dispose();
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<DB0DriverOptions, Database<Connector<unknown>>> = (o
 };
 
 /** Run database init/migration once */
-async function setupTable(opts: DB0DriverOptions) {
-  switch (opts.database.dialect) {
+async function setupTable(database: Database, tableName: string) {
+  switch (database.dialect) {
     case "sqlite":
     case "libsql": {
-      await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${opts.tableName}} (
+      await database.sql /* sql */ `
+      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${tableName}} (
         key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         value TEXT,
         blob BLOB,
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ async function setupTable(opts: DB0DriverOptions) {
       return;
     }
     case "postgresql": {
-      await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${opts.tableName}} (
+      await database.sql /* sql */ `
+      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${tableName}} (
         key VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
         value TEXT,
         blob BYTEA,
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ async function setupTable(opts: DB0DriverOptions) {
       return;
     }
     case "mysql": {
-      await opts.database.sql /* sql */ `
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${opts.tableName}} (
+      await database.sql /* sql */ `
+      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {${tableName}} (
         \`key\` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
         \`value\` LONGTEXT,
         \`blob\` BLOB,
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async function setupTable(opts: DB0DriverOptions) {
       return;
     }
     default: {
-      throw createError(DRIVER_NAME, `unsuppoted SQL dialect: ${opts.database.dialect}`);
+      throw createError(DRIVER_NAME, `unsuppoted SQL dialect: ${database.dialect}`);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/drivers/fs-lite.ts b/src/drivers/fs-lite.ts
index 79a6cdc8..68ef245c 100644
--- a/src/drivers/fs-lite.ts
+++ b/src/drivers/fs-lite.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<FSStorageOptions> = (opts = {}) => {
     throw createRequiredError(DRIVER_NAME, "base");
   }
 
-  opts.base = resolve(opts.base);
+  const base = resolve(opts.base);
   const r = (key: string) => {
     if (PATH_TRAVERSE_RE.test(key)) {
       throw createError(
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<FSStorageOptions> = (opts = {}) => {
         `Invalid key: ${JSON.stringify(key)}. It should not contain .. segments`,
       );
     }
-    const resolved = join(opts.base!, key.replace(/:/g, "/"));
+    const resolved = join(base, key.replace(/:/g, "/"));
     return resolved;
   };
 
   return {
     name: DRIVER_NAME,
-    options: opts,
+    options: { ...opts, base },
     flags: {
       maxDepth: true,
     },
diff --git a/src/drivers/planetscale.ts b/src/drivers/planetscale.ts
index 715f2606..90f5760d 100644
--- a/src/drivers/planetscale.ts
+++ b/src/drivers/planetscale.ts
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ export const DRIVER_DEPENDENCIES: DriverDependencies = {
 };
 
 const DRIVER_NAME = "planetscale";
+const DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME = "storage";
 
 const driver: DriverFactory<PlanetscaleDriverOptions, Promise<Connection>> = (opts = {}) => {
-  opts.table = opts.table || "storage";
+  const table = opts.table || DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME;
 
   let _connection: Promise<Connection> | undefined;
   const getConnection = () =>
@@ -63,18 +64,18 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<PlanetscaleDriverOptions, Promise<Connection>> = (op
 
   return {
     name: DRIVER_NAME,
-    options: opts,
+    options: { ...opts, table },
     getInstance: getConnection,
     hasItem: async (key) => {
       const res = await (
         await getConnection()
-      ).execute(`SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${opts.table} WHERE id = :key) as value;`, { key });
+      ).execute(`SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${table} WHERE id = :key) as value;`, { key });
       return rows<{ value: string }[]>(res)[0]?.value == "1";
     },
     getItem: async (key) => {
       const res = await (
         await getConnection()
-      ).execute(`SELECT value from ${opts.table} WHERE id=:key;`, {
+      ).execute(`SELECT value from ${table} WHERE id=:key;`, {
         key,
       });
       return rows(res)[0]?.value ?? null;
@@ -83,17 +84,17 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<PlanetscaleDriverOptions, Promise<Connection>> = (op
       await (
         await getConnection()
       ).execute(
-        `INSERT INTO ${opts.table} (id, value) VALUES (:key, :value) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE value = :value;`,
+        `INSERT INTO ${table} (id, value) VALUES (:key, :value) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE value = :value;`,
         { key, value },
       );
     },
     removeItem: async (key) => {
-      await (await getConnection()).execute(`DELETE FROM ${opts.table} WHERE id=:key;`, { key });
+      await (await getConnection()).execute(`DELETE FROM ${table} WHERE id=:key;`, { key });
     },
     getMeta: async (key) => {
       const res = await (
         await getConnection()
-      ).execute(`SELECT created_at, updated_at from ${opts.table} WHERE id=:key;`, { key });
+      ).execute(`SELECT created_at, updated_at from ${table} WHERE id=:key;`, { key });
       return {
         birthtime: rows(res)[0]?.created_at,
         mtime: rows(res)[0]?.updated_at,
@@ -102,11 +103,11 @@ const driver: DriverFactory<PlanetscaleDriverOptions, Promise<Connection>> = (op
     getKeys: async (base = "") => {
       const res = await (
         await getConnection()
-      ).execute(`SELECT id from ${opts.table} WHERE id LIKE :base;`, { base: `${base}%` });
+      ).execute(`SELECT id from ${table} WHERE id LIKE :base;`, { base: `${base}%` });
       return rows(res).map((r) => r.id);
     },
     clear: async () => {
-      await (await getConnection()).execute(`DELETE FROM ${opts.table};`);
+      await (await getConnection()).execute(`DELETE FROM ${table};`);
     },
   };
 };
diff --git a/test/drivers/db0.test.ts b/test/drivers/db0.test.ts
index cb53e232..05b70ddb 100644
--- a/test/drivers/db0.test.ts
+++ b/test/drivers/db0.test.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ for (const driver of drivers) {
     testDriver({
       driver: () => db0Driver({ database: db }),
       additionalTests: (ctx) => {
+        it("does not mutate input options", () => {
+          const opts = { database: db };
+          const instance = db0Driver(opts);
+          expect(opts).toEqual({ database: db });
+          expect(instance.options?.tableName).toBe("unstorage");
+        });
         it("meta", async () => {
           await ctx.storage.setItem("meta:test", "test_data");
 
diff --git a/test/drivers/fs-lite.test.ts b/test/drivers/fs-lite.test.ts
index e5e5b3b7..6e25cfb8 100644
--- a/test/drivers/fs-lite.test.ts
+++ b/test/drivers/fs-lite.test.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ describe("drivers: fs-lite", () => {
   testDriver({
     driver: driver({ base: dir }),
     additionalTests(ctx) {
+      it("does not mutate input options", () => {
+        const opts = { base: "./tmp/fs-lite-opts" };
+        const instance = driver(opts);
+        expect(opts).toEqual({ base: "./tmp/fs-lite-opts" });
+        expect(instance.options?.base).toBe(resolve("./tmp/fs-lite-opts"));
+      });
       it("check filesystem", async () => {
         await ctx.storage.setItem("s1:a", "test_data");
         expect(await readFile(resolve(dir, "s1/a"), "utf8")).toBe("test_data");
diff --git a/test/drivers/planetscale.test.ts b/test/drivers/planetscale.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3f2dc10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/drivers/planetscale.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import driver from "../../src/drivers/planetscale.ts";
+
+describe("drivers: planetscale", () => {
+  it("does not mutate input options", () => {
+    const opts = { url: "mysql://user:pass@host/db" };
+    const instance = driver(opts);
+    expect(opts).toEqual({ url: "mysql://user:pass@host/db" });
+    expect(instance.options?.table).toBe("storage");
+  });
+});