fix(core): honor Retry-After header on retried model calls

.changeset/honor-retry-after-header.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@voltagent/core": patch
+---
+
+Honor the provider's `Retry-After` header on retried model calls. The retry loop in `executeWithModelFallback` previously always used local exponential backoff capped at 10 seconds, regardless of what the server asked for; this caused concurrent agents under shared 429/503 contention to converge their retry windows. The delay now uses `Retry-After` (delta-seconds or HTTP-date, RFC 7231) as a floor, keeps the exponential floor as a backpressure baseline, and caps at 5 minutes for safety.

packages/core/src/agent/agent.spec.ts

@@ -3689,6 +3689,71 @@ Use pandas and summarize findings.`.split("\n"),
       }
     });
 
+    it("should honor the Retry-After header on retried model calls", async () => {
+      const agent = new Agent({
+        name: "RetryAfterAgent",
+        instructions: "Test",
+        model: mockModel as any,
+        maxRetries: 1,
+      });
+
+      const mockResponse = {
+        text: "Retry response",
+        content: [{ type: "text", text: "Retry response" }],
+        reasoning: [],
+        files: [],
+        sources: [],
+        toolCalls: [],
+        toolResults: [],
+        finishReason: "stop",
+        usage: { inputTokens: 10, outputTokens: 5, totalTokens: 15 },
+        warnings: [],
+        request: {},
+        response: {
+          id: "retry-after-response",
+          modelId: "test-model",
+          timestamp: new Date(),
+          messages: [],
+        },
+        steps: [],
+      };
+
+      const observedDelays: number[] = [];
+      const originalSetTimeout = global.setTimeout;
+      const setTimeoutSpy = vi.spyOn(global, "setTimeout").mockImplementation(((
+        cb: any,
+        delay: any,
+        ...args: any[]
+      ) => {
+        if (typeof delay === "number") observedDelays.push(delay);
+        return originalSetTimeout(cb, 0, ...args);
+      }) as typeof setTimeout);
+
+      let callCount = 0;
+      vi.mocked(ai.generateText).mockImplementation(async () => {
+        callCount += 1;
+        if (callCount < 2) {
+          const error = new Error("Rate limited");
+          (error as any).isRetryable = true;
+          (error as any).statusCode = 429;
+          (error as any).responseHeaders = { "retry-after": "30" };
+          throw error;
+        }
+        return mockResponse as any;
+      });
+
+      try {
+        const result = await agent.generateText("Test");
+
+        expect(result.text).toBe("Retry response");
+        expect(vi.mocked(ai.generateText)).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+        // attemptIndex=0: exponential floor=1000ms, server hint=30000ms ⇒ delay=30000.
+        expect(observedDelays).toContain(30_000);
+      } finally {
+        setTimeoutSpy.mockRestore();
+      }
+    });
+
     it("should handle model errors gracefully", async () => {
       const agent = new Agent({
         name: "TestAgent",

packages/core/src/agent/agent.ts

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ import type {
   ToolExecuteOptions,
   UsageInfo,
 } from "./providers/base/types";
+import { computeRetryDelayMs } from "./retry-after";
 import { coerceStringifiedJsonToolArgs } from "./tool-input-coercion";
 export type { AgentHooks } from "./hooks";
 export type {
@@ -5885,7 +5886,7 @@ export class Agent {
           const canRetry = retryEligible && !isLastAttempt;
 
           if (canRetry) {
-            const retryDelayMs = Math.min(1000 * 2 ** attemptIndex, 10000);
+            const retryDelayMs = computeRetryDelayMs(error, attemptIndex);
             logger.debug(`[Agent:${this.name}] - Model attempt failed, retrying`, {
               operation,
               modelName,

packages/core/src/agent/retry-after.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { computeRetryDelayMs, getRetryAfterMs, parseRetryAfter } from "./retry-after";
+
+const FIXED_NOW = Date.parse("2026-05-14T20:00:00Z");
+
+describe("parseRetryAfter", () => {
+  it("returns null for missing values", () => {
+    expect(parseRetryAfter(undefined)).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter(null)).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("")).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("   ")).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("parses delta-seconds form", () => {
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("0")).toBe(0);
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("1")).toBe(1000);
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("120")).toBe(120 * 1000);
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("  30  ")).toBe(30 * 1000);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects non-integer delta-seconds forms", () => {
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("1.5")).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("10ms")).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("-5")).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("0x10")).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("parses HTTP-date form into a relative delay", () => {
+    const fiveSecondsLater = new Date(FIXED_NOW + 5000).toUTCString();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter(fiveSecondsLater, FIXED_NOW)).toBe(5000);
+  });
+
+  it("returns 0 when the HTTP-date has already passed", () => {
+    const pastDate = new Date(FIXED_NOW - 60_000).toUTCString();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter(pastDate, FIXED_NOW)).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("returns null for malformed HTTP-date strings", () => {
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("Definitely not a date")).toBeNull();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("Fri, 99 Foo 9999 99:99:99 GMT")).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("clamps very large delta-seconds to the 5-minute safety cap", () => {
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("3600")).toBe(5 * 60 * 1000);
+    expect(parseRetryAfter("999999")).toBe(5 * 60 * 1000);
+  });
+
+  it("clamps very far-future HTTP-dates to the 5-minute safety cap", () => {
+    const farFuture = new Date(FIXED_NOW + 60 * 60 * 1000).toUTCString();
+    expect(parseRetryAfter(farFuture, FIXED_NOW)).toBe(5 * 60 * 1000);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("getRetryAfterMs", () => {
+  it("reads lowercased header from responseHeaders", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": "10" } };
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(err)).toBe(10_000);
+  });
+
+  it("accepts the canonical-case spelling too", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "Retry-After": "10" } };
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(err)).toBe(10_000);
+  });
+
+  it("prefers lowercase over canonical when both are present", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": "5", "Retry-After": "999" } };
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(err)).toBe(5_000);
+  });
+
+  it("returns null when the header is absent", () => {
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs({ responseHeaders: {} })).toBeNull();
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs({ responseHeaders: { "x-foo": "bar" } })).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("returns null when there are no response headers at all", () => {
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs({})).toBeNull();
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(null)).toBeNull();
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(undefined)).toBeNull();
+    expect(getRetryAfterMs(new Error("plain"))).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("computeRetryDelayMs", () => {
+  it("falls back to exponential when no Retry-After is provided", () => {
+    const err = new Error("transient");
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 0)).toBe(1000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 1)).toBe(2000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 2)).toBe(4000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 3)).toBe(8000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 4)).toBe(10_000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 10)).toBe(10_000);
+  });
+
+  it("uses the server's Retry-After as a floor when it exceeds the exponential floor", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": "30" } };
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 0)).toBe(30_000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 4)).toBe(30_000);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the exponential floor when Retry-After is shorter", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": "0" } };
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 0)).toBe(1000);
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 3)).toBe(8000);
+  });
+
+  it("honors HTTP-date Retry-After values", () => {
+    const tenSecondsLater = new Date(FIXED_NOW + 10_000).toUTCString();
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": tenSecondsLater } };
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 0, FIXED_NOW)).toBe(10_000);
+  });
+
+  it("respects the 5-minute safety cap even when the server asks for longer", () => {
+    const err = { responseHeaders: { "retry-after": "999999" } };
+    expect(computeRetryDelayMs(err, 0)).toBe(5 * 60 * 1000);
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/agent/retry-after.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/**
+ * Cap how long we'll honor a server-supplied `Retry-After` header.
+ * A misconfigured or hostile server can otherwise pin an agent for hours.
+ */
+const MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000;
+
+/**
+ * Parse an HTTP `Retry-After` header value (RFC 7231 §7.1.3) into milliseconds.
+ *
+ * Accepts the two RFC-defined forms:
+ *   - delta-seconds: a non-negative integer (e.g. `Retry-After: 120`)
+ *   - HTTP-date:     a fixed-form HTTP date (e.g. `Retry-After: Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 GMT`)
+ *
+ * Returns `null` when the value is absent, empty, malformed, or negative.
+ * The result is clamped to {@link MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS}.
+ *
+ * @param value     The raw header value, or `undefined`/`null` when absent.
+ * @param nowMs     Current time in milliseconds, injected for tests. Defaults to `Date.now()`.
+ */
+export function parseRetryAfter(
+  value: string | undefined | null,
+  nowMs: number = Date.now(),
+): number | null {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  if (trimmed === "") {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  if (/^\d+$/.test(trimmed)) {
+    const seconds = Number.parseInt(trimmed, 10);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds < 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return Math.min(seconds * 1000, MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS);
+  }
+
+  // HTTP-date form mandates a day-name and month-name (RFC 7231 §7.1.1.1),
+  // so an HTTP-date always contains ASCII letters. Reject numeric-looking
+  // values like "1.5", "10ms", or "-5" before falling into `Date.parse`,
+  // which is permissive enough to coerce some of them into past dates.
+  if (!/[A-Za-z]/.test(trimmed)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const dateMs = Date.parse(trimmed);
+  if (Number.isNaN(dateMs)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const delta = dateMs - nowMs;
+  if (delta <= 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return Math.min(delta, MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read the `Retry-After` header off an error's `responseHeaders` bag and return
+ * its parsed value in milliseconds, or `null` when absent.
+ *
+ * AI SDK populates `responseHeaders` on `APICallError` and similar provider errors
+ * with lowercased header names. Both lowercase and canonical-case forms are
+ * accepted to stay robust against providers that don't normalize.
+ */
+export function getRetryAfterMs(error: unknown, nowMs: number = Date.now()): number | null {
+  const headers = (error as { responseHeaders?: Record<string, string> } | undefined)
+    ?.responseHeaders;
+  if (!headers || typeof headers !== "object") {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const raw = headers["retry-after"] ?? headers["Retry-After"];
+  return parseRetryAfter(raw, nowMs);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute the wait between two retry attempts.
+ *
+ * When the provider supplies a `Retry-After` header (typical on 429 and 503),
+ * use it as the floor — the server has just told us the earliest moment it's
+ * willing to serve another request, and ignoring that signal causes
+ * coordinated retry-storms across concurrent agents.
+ *
+ * In every case we keep the exponential floor as a backpressure baseline so a
+ * `Retry-After: 0` (or an absent header on transient errors) still spaces
+ * subsequent attempts out.
+ *
+ * @param error          The error thrown by the model invocation.
+ * @param attemptIndex   Zero-based retry attempt index.
+ * @param nowMs          Current time in ms, injected for tests.
+ */
+export function computeRetryDelayMs(
+  error: unknown,
+  attemptIndex: number,
+  nowMs: number = Date.now(),
+): number {
+  const exponentialMs = Math.min(1000 * 2 ** attemptIndex, 10000);
+  const serverHintMs = getRetryAfterMs(error, nowMs);
+  if (serverHintMs == null) {
+    return exponentialMs;
+  }
+  return Math.max(serverHintMs, exponentialMs);
+}